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K E I^ O ]R T

SPECIAL COMMISSIONERS

J. W.' POWELL AND G. W. INGALLS

COiNDITION OF THE UTE INDIANS OFUTAH; THE PAI-UTES OF UTAH,

NORTHERN ARIZONA, SOUTHERN NEVADA, AND SOUTHEASTERN

CALIFORNIA; THE GO-SI UTES OF UTAH AND NEVADA;

THE NORTHWESTERN SHOSHONES OF IDAHO

AND UTAH; AND THE WESTERN

SHOSHONES OF NEVADA ;

KEPORT CONCERNING CLAIMS OF SETTLERS IN THE
MO-A-PA TALLEY, (SOUTHEASTERN NEVADA.)

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1874.

REPORT

OF

SPECIAL COMMISSIONERS J. W. POWELL AND G. W. INGALLS.

Washington, D. C, December 18, 1873.

StR : The Special Commission appointed for examining into the condition of the Utes
of Utah ; Pai-Utes of Utah, Northern Arizona, Sonthern Nevachi, and Southeastern
California; tlie Go-si Utes of Utali and Nevada; the N)rtli\vestern Shoslntnees of
Ichilio and Utah; and the Western Shoshonees of Nevada; and for the purpose of
consulting with them concerning the propriety of their removal to reservations, would
respectfully submit the following report:

The commission was delayed a number of days by snows that blockaded the railroads
over the mountains, but arrived in Salt Lake City early in May.

At tliat time there was much excitement in the country, consequent on the disastrous
conflict with the Modocs.

The commission found that the feelings of the white people inhabiting the territory
under consideration were wrought to a high state of resentment, which frequently
found vent in indignities on the Indians, while the latter were terrified, and many of
them had fled to the mountains for refuge.

Immediately on our arrival at the city, delegations from various parts of the country
met us, representing that the Indians of their several neighborhoods were preparing to
commence a war of extermination against the wdiites; and several petitions from the
citizens of different places, to the military authorities of that department, the governor
of Utah, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, representing that the people were in
immediate peril, and calling for military protection, were referred to the Commission.

Under these circumstances, the Commiss oners proceeded to investigate the state of
affairs in the Sanpete Valley, Curlew Valley, Cach6 Valley, and on Deep Creek.

It was soon found that the fears of the white settlers were groundless, and that the
Indians themselves were much more terrified than the whites.

In the mean time the Commission sent for delegations of Indians representing the
tribes of Utes, Go-si Utes, Northwestern Shoshonees, and Western Shoshonees; and after
meeting a number of these delegations at its camp near Salt Lake City, such informa-
tion was obtained as led to a request for further conference with the Department con-
cerning the best course to be jjursued with these Indians in the light of the facts thus
obtained.

In consequence of such request, one of the special commissioners, Mr. J. W. Powell,
was instructed to report to the Department at Washington.

On his arrival, the following statement to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs was
made :

Washington, D. C, June 18, 1873.
To the honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs:

Sir: Your attention is respectfully called to the following statement of the condition
of the Indians inhabiting Utah, Nevada, Sonthern Idaho, Northern Arizona, and South-
eastern California, who are not yet collected on reservations.

These Indians are Utes, Pai-Utes, Go-si Utes, Northwestern Shoshonees, Western
Shoshonees, and Pa-vi-6-tsoes, (designated in the Indian reports as Pah-Utes.)

Of the Utes not on reservation there are two principal tribes, the Pah-vants and
Seuv-a-rits. The Pah-vants are on Corn Creek, near Fillmore, in Utah Territory, and
in the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1»72 are estimated to number
1,200. These Indians are under a chief named Ka-nosh ; they subsist by cultivating
tlie soil to a limited extent, by gathering seeds, liuit, and roots, and also by hunting;
but chiefly by begging from the white settlers of the country.

Their condition is better than that of any other of the Indians under consideration.
The chief, Ka-uosh, is an Indian of great ability and wisdom, and is doing all he can
to induce his people to cultivate the soil.

He not only raises grain enough lor himself and family, but usually has a quantity
to sell, from which he derives a respectable revenue. His influence is not confined to

IPI

tlio ti ilio over wliicli he lias ininiciliate ciiimiiaiid, but extends to a greater or less ex-
tent over most of the Indians of Central I'lali.

Tlie f^iuv-a-iils inlial)it the eoniitry between the Sanpete and Sevier Valleys, on the
west, and the dreen and Colorado Kivers on the east.

\o delinile inlonnation lias been obtained eoneeruiug the nnmber of this tribe.

In the fall of 1^71, one of your Commissioners met a party of them on the banks of
the Sevier, and eounted thirty-one lodges.

Tlie.se peojde live by hnnting and lishing, and collect seeds and fruits. They are
well mounted, are a wild, daring people, and very skillful in border warfare. It may
lie salcly .stated that for the last ten years they have subsisted chiefly on the spoils of
war. In their raids they have been associated with the Nav-a-jos and Utes, who in-
haiiit the country to the east of the Colorado River.

The Tai-ltes inhabit Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, Northern Arizona, and
Southeastern California.

There is a snuiU tril)e in the vicinity of Beaver, and another at Parawan, whose
numbers are unknown.

A third tribe is usually found encamped somewhere in the vicinity of Cedar.

Tile jirincipal chief of IhePai-Utes of Utah, Tau-gu, usually remains with this tribe.

In the winter of 1871-'"^ the tribe was visited by one of your Commissioners, and
forty-three lodges were counted.

Tiiere is a tribe in Long Valley, numbering about 125 persons, and one in Kanab
^'allt•y, numbering 107. There are a few Indi;ins on the Paria River, whose numbers
are unknown, and there is a snuill tribe on the eastern side of the Colorado, near the
line between Utah and Arizona, numbering 47.

The U-in-kar-ets, dwelling among the IJ-iu-kar-et Mountains in Northern Arizona,
number about 60.

The Sheav-wits inhabit the Sheav-wit plateau in Northern Arizona, and number
about LSU.

The tribes of Pai-Utes thus enumerated are such as have not been heretofore included
in the report of the Pioche Agency. Of the remainder who properly belong to that
agency, and who inhabit Southwestern Utah, Southern Nevada, Southeastern California,
and Northern Arizona, your Connnissioners have but little more knowledge than is
already before the Department. It is sufQcient to state that they are scattered in small
tribes, and hold allegiance to nianj^ petty chiefs.

All the Pai-Utes subsist in part by cultivating the soil, some of them raising the
grain and vegetables introduced by white men, others cultivating native seeds.

They also collect uncultivated seeds, fruits, and roots. A few of them occasionally
work for wliite men, and thej' also depend very largely on begging, and are a serious
burden to white settlers.

Tile Go-si Utes live in the vicinity of Salt Lake and the valleys extending to the
west as far as the Nevada line. They probably number four hundred persons.

Some of them are cultivating small patches of ground ; one band in Skull Valley,
one at Deep Creek, another at Warm Springs, and another at Salt Marsh, near the Ne-
vada line.

They also gather seeds and fruits, dig roots and hunt a little, but chiefly subsi.st by
begging. A few of them are occasionally employed by white men.

The western band of Slioshonees, in the re^iorts heretofore made to the Dc](art-
ment, have been overestimated lor Utah and underestimated for Nevada, with regard
to th.ir miiiilier and distriliution. Your attention is called to the accompanying state-
ment made liy Mr. Gheen, and marked A.*

Alter carefully examining the i)ai)er and conferring with a nnmber of the principal
chielsaiid h'ading men of the Western Shoshonees, the statement is believed to be
substantially correct.

Thr.se Indians are cultivating the soil to a very limited extent. Some of them are
employed l)y whit(; men as herders and in otlu'r labors. They gather seeds and fruits,
dig roots, hunt and Jisii, and eke out a miserable subsistence by begging.

Of the niinilu'r of the Northwestern bands of Shoshonees, y()ur Commission have no
trustworthy information. Their condition does not ditfer luaterially from the Western
Shoshonees. They are also divided into small tribes, several of which we have
visited.

Of the Pa-vi-o-tsoes, or Pah-Utes, of Western Nevada, we have obtained information
of three or (our hundred who do not report to either of the reservations on Walker
Jtiver or I'yraniid Lake. Their condition is substantially the same as that of the Sho-
buonees.

()l thi- Washoes, mentioned in the report of the Department, we have no definite
information.

'I'll.- lyidiaiis mentioned in the foregoing statement appreciate that they can no
bMn;er live l)y hiinting, fishing, and gathering the native products of the soil.

• Thie Btatonient has been oiuittcd, as a nioie correct eiiuiueraticn has been made.

Tlioy fully nnderstand tliat the settloiiieiit of the. country by white men is inevitable,
and know the tolly of contendinif a<j;ainst it; and they earnestly ask tliat they nniy
have lands of their own a:id he assistc-d to bcjconio farniei'sand .stoclc-rai.seis, l)nt ti.speei-
ally do they ask that they may have eattle.

Dniinjr the last few weeks tlnit the Commission has been among these Indians, it has
conferred witii many of tlieir chiefs and i)rincipal men. One of yonr Connnissioners,
as agent for the Pai-Utes, fortius {)ast year has traveled among a nnniher of ihe tribes,
and the other Commissioner, having been in ehaige of an exploring exi)edition for sev-
eral years, has met and conferrecl with nnmbers of these Indians from tinu^ to time,
and invariably they have expressc'd the sentinientn given aliove. Tlieir hnnting-
gronnds have been spoiled, their favorite valleys are occupied by white men, and they
are compelled to scatter in small bands in order to obtain snbsisteucc. Fornu-ily tliey
were organized into nations, or confederacies, nnder the inflnenee of gre'at elii(!fs, but
such men have lost their power in the presence of white men, and it is no longer possi-
ble to treat with these pt'ojile as natnnis, bnt each little tribi; must be dealt v\itli sejta-
rately. The broad teriitory over which they are scattered has been jiar(adle(l out
among the tribes by common consent, usually determined at general councils, so that
each tribe holds a certain district of country as its own.

Now the most important dilliiulty in the way of collecting these people on reserva-
tions, is the fact that each small trihe desii(>s to have a reservation somewhere within
the limits of its own territory, which is manifestly impracticable, as the Indians could
not thus be protected in their rights, except at a great expcTise.

In the instructions furnished yonr commissioners for the collection of these Indiana,
two methods were given, the one to take the Indians on reservations already estab-
lished, aud, failing in this, the other was to set apart new reservations for them.

After a careful examination of the facts, it is found that the last-mentioned method
is entirely impracticable, as, within tlie bounds of the territory over which these tribes
roam, there is no district of country with sufficient water aud other natural facilities
for a reservation, not already occupied by white men. In fact, the lands along the
streams and almost every important spring has either been entered or claimed, aud
vshould the Government att(^mpt to purchase such lands for the benefit of the Indiaus,
it would be found to involve a great outlay of money, as water rights and iuiprove-
ments are justly held at very high prices.

Nothing then remains but to remove them from the country, or let them stay in their
present condition, to be finally extinguished by want, loathsome disease, and the dis-
asters consequent upon inccssiint conflict with white men.

In view of the removal and distribution of these Indians to the old reservations,
four importiint questions were presented to the commission, namely :

First. Are the reservations for the adjacent tribes capable of properly supporting au
increased number of Imlians?

Second. Would tin; treaty stipulations with the Indians thus located permit au addi-
tion to their numbers, and would they consent to it?

.Tliird. Would the treaty stipulations with the Indians under consideration permit
of their removal ?

Fourth. What division of the roaming tribes do their linguistic and other afiQnities
dictate ?

The facts in answer to these questions, so far as they are known to the conimissiou,
are as follows :

The reservation on the Muddy is well known to both of the commissioners. There
is some good land and plenty of water ; there are no valuable hunting grounds on the
reservation, or in the vicinity, but there are streams from which a greater or less sup-
ply of fish can be taken ; and the natural products of the soil, which are somewhat
abundant, would be of value as a sourc<^ of partial subsistence until they could learu
to farm for themselves. Tlie timber is distant from the district where the fai'ms must
necessarily be made, but the climate is good for southern Indians, and the reservation
will always be isolated from other settlements. Altogether the situation is good and
suthcieut.

The reservation on the Uintah is well known to one of your commissioners. There is
an abundance of good soil, ])lenty of water, and convenient timber. The climate is
good for the growth of smaller grains and vegetables, but not favorable to the raising
of corn. Good range for cattle is practically unlimited — in fact, there is room euough
for all the Indians of Utah.

Perhaps there is no liner valley than the Uintah in the territory of the United States
west of the huTulredth meridian.

The commission having no knowledge of the capabilities of the Fort Hall reservation,
cue of the commissioners, Jlr. G. W. Ingalls, made a special trip for the purpose of
examining it. It was found that there was abundance of good land, plcnry of water,
good and extensive rangi^ for grazing, and an amjtle sui)ply of timber for the Indians
already located there, and all of the Shoshonces of Utah and Nevada in addition.

But little is known by the commission of the resources of the reservations at Walker

River and ryrainiil I>ako,l)iit from sucli iiifoniiation ns lias been received it is believed
tliey arc iiiadtMiiiate to the wants of tlie Indians already collected there.

The facts relatin-^ to the second ipiestion an^ Miese : No treaties have been made
witli the Indians eoneerninj^ tlu! reservation on the Muddy. The treaty made with the
I'tes concernin-; the Tintah reservatiini provided for the gatherinjj; of all the tribes of
I'tah in that vaUev, bnt it was never raiilied l>y tlie Senate, and althongh the Indians
are tliere as thev snpiiose nnder the stii)nlations of the treaty, it is not recognized as
binding by the (ioveinment of the l.^nited States. The principal chiefs on the reserva-
tion state'their willingness and desire that the other Utcs should be united with them.
IJy the treaties made with the Sluishonees and Bannocks concerning the reservation
at Wind Hiver and Fort Hall, it is stipulated that tliey are made not only fur these
Indians hut " For such otlier friendlv tril)cs or individual Indians as from time to tiiue
they may he willing, with tlie censent of the United States, to admit amongst them."

With iegard to the third ([Ucstion, " Would the treaty stiimlations with the Indians
under consideration iiermit of their removal ?" It api)ear8 that there are uo recognized
treaty stipulations existing with the Utes and Pah-Utes.

A treaty was concluded October 12, 1863, with the Go-si Utes in -which it was espe-
ciallv ))rovidcd as follows :

Article tith. "The said hand agree that whenever the President of the United States
shall deem it expedient for them to abandon the roaming life which they now lead, and
become settled as herdsmen or agriculturists, he is hereby authorized to make such
reservations for their use as he may deem necessary; and they do also agree, to remove
their camps to such reservations as he may indicate, and to reside and remain thereon."
So that the (io-si I'tcs may be required to go on a reservation wherever and whenever
the President directs.

A treaty was concluded October 1, 1863, with the western bands of Shoshones from
which we extract article Gth, viz:

"The said bands agree that whenever the President of the United States shall deem
it expedient for them to abandon the roaming life which they now lead, and beconie
herdsmen and agriculturists, he is hereby authorized to make such reservations for
their iise as he may deem necessary, within the country above described ; and they do
also heicby agree to remove their'camps to such reservations as he may indicate and
to reside or remain thereon."

It is thus seen that they can also be called to a reservation by the will of the Presi-
dent, but such reservation must be within certain bouudiiries, as described in article
5th, viz :

"It is understood that the boundaries of the country claimed and occupied by said
bands are detined and described by them as follows: On the north by the Wong-go-ga-
da Mountains and Shoshone River Valley ; on the west by the Sei-uou-to-yah Mountains
or Smith Creek Mouulaius; on the south by Wi-co-bah and the Colorada Desert ; ou
the east by Pa-lia-no-be Valley or Step-toe Valley, and Great Salt Lake Valley."

Your commissioners are in soim^ doubt as to where these boundaries are situated, but
believe they include the Fort Hall Indian reservation. ♦

I}y thf tr<aty concluded with the nurtliwestern hands of Shoshones at Box Elder,
in tile Ten i lory of I'tah, on the i:5tli day of .July, l.-^iio, it is stipulated as follows:

Article -2i\. " The treaty concluded at Fort Bridger on the second day of July, 18();5,
between the United States and the Shoshomwiation being read aud fully iuterpreted
and exj)lained to the said chiefs and warriors, they do herehy give their full and free
assent to all of the in'ovisious of said treaty, ami the same are hereby adopted as a part
of this agiccmeiit, and the same shall be binding on the parties hereto."

In the treaty made at Fort Bridger, to which this article alludes, the following pro-
visions ar(^ fouml.

"Article 2. The United States further agrees that the following district of country, to
wit: commencing at th(i mouth of Owl Greek and running due sontli to the crest of
the divide between the Sweet Water ;niil Pa-po-a-gie Rivers; thence along the west
of said diviih- and tin! summit of Wind h'iver Mountain to the longitude of North
Fork of Wind liiver; thence due north to mouth of said North Fork and up its chan-
nel lo a jMiint twenty miles above its month ; thence in a straight line to headwaters
of (Jwl Cn-ek, and along middle chainnd of Owl Greek to i)lace of beginning, shall be,
and the sann- is, set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of Sho-
shom; Indians lierein named, ami tor such oilur friendly tribes or individual Indians
iis from time to time they may be willing, with the consent of the United States,
to a<lmit amongst them."

The lionudaries of this reservation have been contracted by a subsequent treaty.
It will thus be seen that the Northwestern Shoshoims are under tieaty obligations
to Kcttlr on till' Wind River reservation, but as a part of the Shoshones are already
at Fori Hall, it might po.ssihiy be more agreeable (o the bands under consideration to
go there.

I'loni the inforimition which your commissioners have received it is believed that it
will be necessary to reuiovo the Pah Utes or Pa-yi-o-tsoea from the Walker River and

o

Pj-ramitl Lake reservations to some better point, as the resources of the territory tliey
now occupy are ina(le<iuate to their want.

.The United States Indian agent, iu charge of tlie reservation at Fort Hall, infornm
your coTuniission that ho believes that the Indians now at that i)lace would raise no
serious objection to the removal of the uncollected .Shoshoues to tliat place.

The rights and obligations of the Indians under consideration have been thus care-
fully examined that no unjust cause of complaint might arise.

"With regard to tlu! fourth ([uestion, '' What division of the roaming tribes do their
linguistic and other aflinities indicate .'" much has yet to be learned.

The names by which the tribes are known to white men and the Department give
no clue to the relationship of the Indians; for example, the Indians in tlie vicinity of
the reservation on the Muddy, and the Indians on the Walker Kiver and Pyramid Lake,
reservations are called I'ai or Pah IJtes, but the Indians know only those on the Muddy
by that name, ■while those on the other two I'cservations are known as Pa-vi-o-tsoes,
and speak a very different language, but closely allied to, if not identical with that of
the Bannocks.

The Indians of Utah and Nevada, known as Shoshoues by the whites, are known by
very ditfereut names by the Indians.

The two tribes mentioned above, Pah- vants and Seuv-a-rits, speak the same language,
and are intermarried with the Indians on the Uintah reservations, and should be taken
there.

The Go-si Utes speak a language more nearly like that of the Iiulians at Fort Hall,
but they are internuirried and afliliate with the Indians at the Uintah reservation, and
it is believed they Avoidd prefer to go there also.

The tribes of Pai-Utes, meutioiu;din the former part, should be takeu to the Muddy.

Of the Western Shoslioues, Northwestern Shoslionees, Pa-vi-o-tsoes, and Washoes,
sufricient is not yet known to reach a conclusion on this matter.

Whenever these Indians are gathered on reservations it will be necessary to make
provision for their subsistence, until such time as they can take care of themselves, as
it would be impossible for them to live upon the native iiroducts found on the reserva-
tions.

To take them there and have them scatter again would lie to ])nt them in a condition
worse than they are now in, and ic wduld xirobably be more difficult to induce them to
return.

The appropriations made by the last Congress for the support of the present reser-
vations, to which these people should be taken, are entirely insufHcient for the support
of the Indians who are already on them, and thej' are compelled to leave their reserva-
tions during a part of the year to obtain a living.

Under these circumstances, your commissioners did not deem that it would be wise
to remove any of the Indians at present, and thej* submit this statement of the condi-
tion of alVairs for your consideration.

Having in view the ultimate removal of all the foregoing Indians to reservations
already established, the following recommendations are made :

First. That the Pah-vants and Seuv-a-rits be visited aud informed that the Govern-
ment of the United States has decided that thc-y shall nuxke their homes ou the Uiutah
reservation, aud that hereafter no goods will be issued to them at any other jdace.

Second. Timt the tribes of Pai-Utes shall be visited, and, if possible, a number of tho
chiefs and principal men be induced to visit the Uintah resei'vation, with a view to
their final settlenuuit at that place.

Should the commission tind it impossible to induce them to look upon such a removal
with favor, it should then make a thorough examination into the condition of alfairs on
the Muddy reservation, and report the results to the Departnu-nt.

The agent for that reservation sliould immediately commence work aud prepare to
raise a crop the coming year to such an extent as the a^jpropriutiou aud circumstances
on the reservation will permit.

In the mean time two or three reliable men should be employed by the commission to
collect the Western Shoshoues at three or more points, where they could be visited
by the commission and their annuities distributed to them, and they l)e informed of the
decision of the Department, that they are to go on reservations, and that hereafter no
annuities will be distributed to them except at the designated reservation or reserva-
tions.

The same course should be taken with the Go-si Utes.

The Northwestern Shoshoues should be assembled to meet the commission at Fort
Hall, and, when there, their annuities should be given them, and they should bo infornu-d
that the Fort Hall reservation is to be their future home, and that hereafter no annui-
ties will be given them at any otluu- place.

One of your commissioiuMs can communicate with a part of the Indians in theirown
tongue, and Mr. Gheen, who is already in the service of the United States in Nevada,
speaks the Shoshone language, but it will still be necessary to have one more inter-

preter, as tlio coinmissioii must uoc-essurily be dividtnl, and throe or four parties organ-
ized to roach all tho tribes in one season.

It is therefore reconmiended that Richard Komas, a native Ute, now a student in
Lincoln rniversity in I'ennsylvania, be enijiloyed tor this purpose.

Should these suji^estions meet with your approval, it would be necessary to have the
ainiuities for the Western Shoshones, S'orMi western Shoshones and Go-si Utes, placed
to the order of the connnis>ion.
\or\ respectfnllv,

J. W. POWELL,
G. W. INGALLS,
U. S. S})ccial Comviission.

On June '2i> the following iustriietious wore received :

Ul rART.MKXT OK TIIK InTEIUOR,

Offick of Ixdiax Affairs,

JVashhigton, D. C, Jane2o, 1873.

Sii: : I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 18th instant, with a statement
in tletail of the jireseut condition of the Indians in Utah, Nevada, and Southern Idaho,
who ha\e ui)t yet l)een collected on reservations.

With a view to the ultimate removal of said Indians to such reservations as have
already been establisheil, you recommend as follows :

1st. That the Pah-vants and Seuvarits be visited aud informed that the Government
has deeided that they shall make their homes on the Uintah reservation, aud that here-
after no goods will be issued to them at any other place.

2d. That some of the chiefs aud principal men of the Pai-Ute tribe be induced to
visit the Uintah reser\ ation and encouraged to make their homes at that place ; aud in
«-ase it should be found impossible to induce them to look with favor upon a removal
to that point, then to make a thorough examination as to the condition of atiairs ou
the Muddy reservation and report the result to the Department, preparations in the
uiean time being made for raising a ci'op the coming year to such au extent as circum-
stances will permit.

:{d. That two or three reliable men be employed by the commission to collect the
Western Shoshones at three or more points, where they can be visited by the commis-
sion and their annuities distributed to them, aud that they be informed of the decision
of the De]iartnient that they must go on reservations, aud that hereafter no annuities
will be distri))nted to them except at the reservation assigned to them ; the same course
to be taken with the Go-ship Utes.

4th. That the Northwestern Shoshones be assembled to meet the commission at
Fort Hall, Idaho, to receive their annuities, and that they be informed tiiat Fort Hall
reservation is to be their future home, and that no annuities will be given them at any
other i)lace.

5th. That Pichard Komas, of Pennsylvania, be employed as interpreter to the com-
mission : and

(>th. That the annuities of the Western Sho.shoues, Northwestern Shoshones, and
Go-ship band of Utes be placed at the disposal of the commission.

The above reconnnendatious jneet with the approval of the Department, and you are
hereljy autliorizeil to cany the same into cH'ect.

Instructions will be issued to Colonel Morrow, at Salt Lake City, Utah, to transfer
to yiiu tin- annuity go(»ds referred to in your letter.
\f\\ respectfnllv. vonr obedient servant,

EDW. P. S^HTH,

Commistiioiier.
.1. W. I'oW F.I.I,, Esr|.,

tSpicial <'oiiiiiihnioi!cr, ,\c., I rtn nt.

While ."-;]>eii;il CnniiMissioner Powell was thus engaged at Washington, Special Com-
iiiis.'<ioner Ingails visited a i)ai't of the Nortliwestern Shoshones in Coche Valley, and,
returning from this expedition, made a tri[) to the Pai-Ute reservation in Southern Ne-
vada, 'i'iie spe( ial eoniniission met again in Salt Lake City.

Ill obedience to the instructions received, the connnission then proceeded through
the 'I'erritnry of Utah tf» its -southern line, visiting a number of tribes on the way,
taking with fheiii a <|iiantity of goods to be distributed to the several tribes as they
Mlionid be met from time to time.

Sometimes the commissioners traveled in company, at other times they separated
for the purpose of facilitatiiij; their opisratioiis.

On this trip many of the Indians behjiij^inj; to the Uintah aj^ency were visited, es-
pecially the Sen-arits, as some anxiety had be<?n entertained lest these Indians simnld
again commence tlieir depredations on the settlements. It was fonnd tiiat tiii^v had of
their own accord <j;iven np their maraniiin^ life, and tliey sij^nilied their williniiiicss to
go on a reservation and adopt the iiahits of civilized men. The reasons which they
assijined for so doinij wcrc^ very interestinjij.

They stated that their jjeople had been dying very fast of late years, so that their
numbers were jj;reatly reduced, and they were specially terrified on account of so|ne
disease whi( h had carried olf more than twenty of their number in less tlian a week,
only a short tim(^ before the commission met them.

Some of their peoph; attributed this to sorcery practiced by other Indians, others to
sorcery ])racticed by the white; inliabitants of Utah, but the jjreat majority seemed to
consider it a punishment for tlie petty wars which they had waj^ed of late years.
Whatever the cause, tiu'-y had determined to abandon the ccuintry, and part of tiiem
were about to join the lltes of the Uintah reservation, another to join the Pali-vants,
another the Pai-Utes near the head of the Sevier, and a fourth the Utes of Colorado.

They were informed tliat the Government of the United States expected them to go
on the reservation at Uintah.

The Pah-vants were next visited at Corn Creek, near Fillmore. This tribe wasfound
to be much smaller, and the peoi>le in a much more destitute condition than had been
represented to tiie comnnssion.

Ka-nosh, the principal chief, is an elder brother of Pi-an-ump, principal chief of the
Go-si Utes, and the Pah-vants and Go-si Utes, although speaking diticreut languages,
affiliate socially, and often go on their hunting excursions in company.

From this point an Indian runner was sent to bring Pian-uinp and a number of
Go-si Ute chiefs to confer with Ka-nosh and such other Indians as might be collected
here, in regard to the propriety of their all going to the reservation at Uintah.

This runner was successful in bringing in the desired Imlians, so that the Go-si
Utes were well rt'presented at the consultation held at Ka-nosh's camp.

They remained with the commissioners several days, and great pains were taken to
explain to them the intention of the Government in collecting Indians on reservations.
The result of this talk was very satisfactorj\

In obedience to the first part of the second clause of their instructions, viz: "That
some of the chiefs and principal men of Pai-Utes be induced to visit Uintah reservation,
and encouraged to make their lionies at that place," the cominissiou sent for Tau-gu,
the principal chief of the Pai-Utes, of Utah and Northern Arizona, and a number of
subordinate chiefs. The only ones who could be induced to meet it were Tau-gu and
Mo-ak-Shin-au-av, chief of the U-ai-Nu-ints, who live in the vicinity of Saint (George.

They informed the commission that, induced by considerations presented to tlieni in
former conversations, they had held a general council for the purpose of consul riug
about the propriety of going to Uintah, and the suggestion had been repelled by all
the people, and there was no voice raised in favor of their going. Tliey averred that
the Utesof Uintah had been their enemies from time immemorial; had stolen their
women and children ; had killed their grandfathers, their fathers, tlieir brothers and
sons, and, worse tlian all, were profoundly skilled in sorcery, and that under no con-
sideration would the Pai-Utes live with tliem.

It was found that it was impossible, without using force, to induce the Pai-Utes to
join the Utes, and it was determined to adopt the course indicated in the alternative
presented in your instruction, viz : " And in case it .should be found impossible to in-
duce them to look with favor upon a removal to that point, then to make a thorough
examination as to the condition of affairs in the Muddy reservation, and report the re-
sult to the Department."

The commission then proceeded to visit in detail all the Pai-Ute tribes of Utah and
Northern Arizona, viz, Kwi-uni-pus, Pa-ru-guns, Un-ka-pa, Nu-kwints, Pa-spi-kai-vats,
Un-ka-ka-ni-guts, Pa-gu-its, Kai-vwav-uai Nu-ints, U-in-ka-reis, and Shi-vwits.

There is a small tribe of Pai-Utes in Northern Arizona, on the east side of the Ccdo-
rado River, known as Kwai-an-ti-kwok-ets, which was not visited by the commission.
This little biind lives in a district so far away from tlie route of travel that your com-
mission did not think it wise to occupy the time and incur the expense necessary to
visit them in their homes.

Finally, delegations of all these tribes were collected at Saint George for general
consultation, concerning the reservation for the Pai-Utes in Southern Nevada. The
result of this talk wa.s, in the main, satisfactory, and a delegation was sent by them to
go with the commission to see the country.

From Saint George the commission proceeded to the reservation on ihe Mo-a-pa,
(Muddy,) arriving there Septeinl)er 10, and here met about 4(10 Pai-Utes who had
previously been collected in the valley. It remained eleven days for the purpose of
conferring with the Indians already liere, and with such delegatious from other tribes

8

as could be induced to meet here. Quite a number of conferences were bold with tbe
Indians, botb by day and by nij^bt, t'ov more than a week. Tbe conclusion of all was,
tiiat tin- Indians on' Die reservation weic wiilinff tliat tbe other tribes should unite
with them, and the dclejiations rcprcscMitinK tlie tribe.s away were favorably impres.sed
with the country, and i)r(>nii.sed that tiie Indians would all come to the reservation
another year, oil eontlit ion that the (Jovernment would provide temporarily for their
maintenance, and yive them such aid as might be necessary to establish them as agri-
culturists.

Arrangements were then made by which the Indians on the reservation were enabled
to plant a fall crop.

Your commission bad also anotlier duty to perforin here, viz, to inquire into the
nature and amount of the claims of the present white settlers on the reservation.

Tliis duty tliey i)erformed witli a desire to protect the Governmeut against unjust
claims, and at tiu; same time to do no injustice to the claimants themselves.

The result of their investigations into these matters are given in a subjoined report.

The commission remained on the reservation fourteen days, busily employed in the
duties aliove mentioned.

In the meantime, it ])rovided that the annuity goods for the Go-si Utes, Western
Shoshones, and Northwestern Shoshones, should be distributed and stored at a number
of points in I'tah and Nevada, and that iiiforniatioii should be carried to the several
trilies that the commission would meet them at designated points.

In view of the extent of country yet to be traversed, and the number of Indians yet
to be met, it was thought best for the comnjission to divide here, and Special Commis-
sioner Powell proceeded to carry on the work with tbe Pai-Utes in Southwestern
Nevada and Southeastern California, and Special Commissioner Ingalls to the Western
Shoshones of Western Nevada.

The work to the southwest was continued until all the Pai-Utes had been seen.
Special Commissioner Powell returned by way of the Mo-a-pa reservation, Saint George,
and Fillmore to Salt Lake City. Ou his way, in the vicinity of Beaver, the Pah-vants,
who were out on a hunting excursion, were again met, and another long consultation
was held with their chief, Ka-nosh.

Special Commissioner Ingalls proceeded by way of Pah-ran-a-gat Valley to Hot Creek,
meeting there a number of Western Shoshones, and from thence to Belmont, where a
number of other tribes were met. From Belmont he returned to Hot Creek, and from
thence proceeded to Hamilton, Egan Canon, Spring Valley, and Deep Creek, to Salt
Lake City, meeting a numbei of tribes at each place. On this hurried trip the work
was not completed. All of the annuity goods to be distributed to the Shoshones had
not arrived at the points at which they were to have been distributed, and some of
the Indians of the vicinity of Hamilton had not assembled. It was therefore neces-
sary for Sjiecial Commissioner Ingalls to return to Hamilton and Egan Canon, which he
di<l, and on the completion of the work at those places proceeded to Corinne, Utah,
where he was met by Commissioner Powell.

Under their instructions the coinmi.ssion should have met the Northwestern Shosho-
nes at Fort Hall, but a number of circumstances conspired to prevent this. It was
found that a part of them, under a chief named Po-ka-tel-lo, had already gone to Fort
Hall, and had signilied their inttMition of reniaiuing and taking part with the Shosho-
nes and Bannocks on that reservation ; and another chief named Tav-i-wun-she-a,
with a small band had goiu; to the Shoshoiu! reservation on Wind River, and they had
determined to cast their lot with Wasli-i-ki and his men. Each of these chiefs sent
word that they had taken this course, governed by representations made by the com-
mission in the spring, and they desired that it should so represent the matter to the
agents on those reservations that thest! jieople might meet with proper consideration.
Two other liands, oiu; under San-pits, the other under Sai-gwits, had refused to go to
Fort ll.ill, and were encamped near Corinne, and had sent a delegation to request the
commission to meet them at that point. The lateness of the season, and the limited
amount of funds at the command of the ciuiimi.ssion, caused it to decide that it was
impracticable to send the goods to Fort Hall and to ccdlect the Indians there for the
distribiiti<ui, and the, two last mentioned tribes were met near Corinne.

Leaving Sjiecial Commissioner I'owellat that place to complete the distribution and
to talk witli the Imlians, Special Comiiiissioner Ingalls proceeded to Elko to meet the
remainder of the Western Slioshones, who had, in the mean time, been collected at
that iioiiit liy assistants of the commission.

A delegation of the WcistiMii Shoshones, representing the tribes that assembled at
Elko, another delegation of the Northwestern Shoshones assembled at Corinne, and
a d<-legation of th<! (lo-si Utes were brought to Salt Lake City for the purpose of con-
ferring with another special commission composed of Hon. J. P. C. Shanks, Governor
T. W. Bennett, and H. \V. Uva'aI, concerning the reservation at Fort Hall. The result
of this confeiince was very favorable. The commissioners then returned to Washing-
ton, arriving lure Decemlier 1.

'I'his hrit f history of the operations of the commission will be followed by a state-
ment of the general results obtained.

ORGANIZATION, ENUMERATION, AND DISTRIBUTION Or THE TRIBES.

Your commission deemed it a matter of prime importance to make a complete enu-
meration of tlie tribes visited, and to obtain a thorough kuowledjre of tbiir (>r;?aniza-
tion and condition. Of tbe Utes, Pah-vaiits, (io-si Utes, and Northwestern Siiosho-
nes they are enabled to make what they believe to be au accurate statement of their
numbers.

The census of the Western Shoshones is believed to be a fair apiiroximation. Tlio
latter tribes are more or less disorj^anized, and in some places their tribal relations are
eutirely broken up, and they are scattered over a large district of country, and it would
have re(inired at least an additional month, and a corresponding expenditure, to have
made the work as thorough with tliein as with the other tribes.

The original political organization of the tribes under consideration had aterritorial
basis ; that is, the country was divided into districts, and each district was iidiabited
by a small tribe, which took the name of the land, and had one principal chief. These
tribes, or " laml-nameds," as they are called in the Indian idiom, were the only perma-
nent organizations, but sometimes two or more of them would unite in a confederacy
under some great chief.

The following table exhibits the names of these tribes, the number of men, women,
and children, severally and in total, and also the land-name of the tribe, its lo(;ality,
chief, and, wherever a confederacy exists, the principal chief of such organization.
The numbers in the left-hand column nder to corresponding numbers on the accom-
panying map, the latter numbers indicating the region of country severally claimed by
the tribes.

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13

UKCAl'ITULATIOX.

The Pai-Utos of Utali number 528

The Uti's of Utah niiinlK'r 556

The Pah- van ts of Utah iniuihcr i;{4

The Go-si UU'h of Utali iiiiinher 2.%

Total iiuiiibcr of Indians iu Utah 1,474

The Pai-Uto8of Arizona nninhcr 284

The Pai-Utf.s of Son t hern Nevada nmnber 1,0:{1

The (to-si IJtes of Ne.vachi nnnibta- 204

The Western Shoshonees o< N(na(hi nmiiljer 1,1)45

Total niinihiT of Indians in Nevada met by the conimissioii II, IHO

The Northwestern Shoshonees of Itlaho number 4U(>

The i'ai-Ules of Southeastern California number 1M4

Total number of Indians visited by the commission 5, 522

There is another confederacy, known as Chem-a-hue-vis, that inhabit the Chem-a-
l\ne-vis Valley on the Lower Colorado. Their country is separated from that of the Pai-
Utes in the above table by the region inhabited by the Mojave Indians. These Chem-
a-hue-vis speak the same languaj^e as the Pai-Utes, and claim that they formerly lived
among them. They still associate with the Pai-Utes farther north iu California and
at Cottonwood Island, and are intermarried with them.

A delegation of these Indians met the commission at the Vegas, in Nevada. They esti-
mate the whole nnml)er of Indians belonging to the confederacy at about ^500, and this
is believed to be approximately correct.

The Indians of Western Nevada belonging to the Pyramid Lake and Walker River
reservations are known as Pah-Ut(!S and Pai-Utes iu the records of the Imlian Depart-
ment. They should be known as Pa-vi-o-tsoes, as this is the name by which they
know themselves, and by which they are known throughout the surrounding tribes.
Thej' are properly a branch of the Bannocks.

Iu Western Nevada, and on the eastern slope of the Sim-ra Nevadas in California,
there are a number of Indians kuowu as Ko-eats, Pan'-a-mints, »&c. They are known
to speak languages of the same stock as the Pai-Utes, Shoshoues, and Pa-vi-o-tsocs.

PAI-UTES.

CONDITION AND WANTS.

Of the Indians known as Pai-Utes there are thirty-one tribes. Ten of these are
united in a confederacy, having for their principal chief, Tau-gu'.

The Kwa-an'-ti-kwok-ets, who live on the eastern side of the Colorado River, are
nearly isolated from the other tribes, and affiliate to a greater or less extent with the
Navajos.

Seven other tribes of Pai-Utes are organized into a confederacy under the chief-
taincy of To'-Shoap.

The Pah-rau-i-gats were formerly three separate tribes, but their lands having been
taken from them by white men, they have united iu one tribe under An'-ti-av.

In the same way'the Indians of Meadow Valley were formerly four separate tribes,
but now one, under Pa-gwum'-pai-ats.

Four other tribes are organized into a confederacy under the chieftaincy of Ku'-ni-kai'-
vets, and seven under the chieftaincy of To-ko'-pur.

The country inhabited by these Indians no longer affords game in sufficient quantities
worthy to be "mentioned as a part of their subsistance. A very few deer and moun-
tain-sheep are killed, and a greater number of rabbits. The principal pan of their
food is ol)tained by gathering seeds and digging roots. All of the tribes cultivate
the soil to a limited exteut, raising wheat, corn, beans, melons, and squashes. Some
food and the greater part of their clothing is obtained by begging, the skins of such
animals as they kill being entirely inadequate to their wants for this purpose. Some
of them have, for a few years, received a small supiily of clothing from the Govern-
ment, through the agencies at Salt Lake City and Pioche.

A few of the people occasionally work for white men, and a great many of them are
learning to speak the Lnglish language ; especially is this true of the children.

Prior to the settlement of the country by the white me!, they all cultivated the sml,
and wouUl do so now to an extent sufficient to obtain a living, if they had the; lands lu
the districts of country which they severally occupy. In fact all these tribes, wh<'ii
met by the commission, asked for lands and cattle that they might become farmers ;
but each tribe desires to have some i)art of its original territory set apart lor its use.

After much talk with the commission and much consultation among themselves,

14

tlioy all aLiieeil to come losetlier on the reservation set apa4't for tlieni by Executive
order in the valley of the Mo'-a-i)a on these conditions— that the Government will re-
move the white settlers therefrom, and will assist them to remove their old people and
children from their present to their ])nispective home on the reservation, and will as-
sist them to become af^iicultnralists, and jjrovide for their maintenance until such time
as they can tai\e care of themselves.

These conditions are reasonable and just. There is no game on the reservation, and
the native i)rodncts are few, and it would be impossible for the Indians to live on the
reservation without assistance. It would be nscdess to take them there without at the
same time jirovidinj^ for their sup])ort, as in such a case they would be compelled at
uuce to scatter again over the very country from whence they had been taken.

KKSKltVATION ON TIIK MO'-A-PA.

The reservation, thonj^h large in territory, is composed chiefly of arid, barren moun-
tains and deserts of drifting sands. The only part of the valley tit for agricultural
jturposes is the few acres — not more than 6,000 — which can be rtdeemed by the use of
the waters of tht^ Mo'-a-i)a, and some grass-lands of no greater extent, for the climate
is so arid that agricultural operations cannot be carried on without artificial irrigation.

The reservation is l)et\veen the:?fithand 37tli j)aiallels of latitude: the climate is very
"warm, snow is never seen in the valley, and frost raicly. The p;trt of the land which
can be brought into cultivation by irrigation produces bountifully, and two crops can
be raised in one season. Wheat, oats, barley, corn, sweet potatoes, cotton, and all the
fruits of sub-tropical countries can be successfully raised, as has been demonsti'ated
by the present white settlers.

The census taken shows that there are 2,027 Pai-Utes. Adding to this number the
Chem-a-huo-vis of Southern California, about 300, and we have 2,327.

It is the opinion of the commission that there is enough water in the Mo'-a-pa Creek
to irrigate lands to an extent sufficient to support that number of people for the pres-
ent, but it would not be wise to take any greater number of Indians there. The
Kio Virgen, in its lower course, runs through the reservation, but the waters of this
liver are salt, and its whole course is o\'er quicksands, and altogether the nature of
tlie country is such that the stream cannot be controlled for purposes of irrigation,
except to a very limited extent on the eastern margin of the reservation, and the ex-
pense attending the management of the water would be very great.

The l)i)undaries of the reservation should be exteuded to the east to a point where
the river emerges from the mountains through a canon. By this means the land avail-
able for cultivation on tiie reservation could be increased to the extent of two or three
thousand acres. (See general recommendations, page 29.)

SALT.

In the bluffs on the banks of the Rio Virgen, a short distance below the mouth of
the Mo'a-i)a, there are extensive deposits of salt, in many places very pure and easily
accessible. It is jjroliable that thcise salt-beds can be worked to some extent, and the
])roducts thereof made a sonrci* of revenue to the Indians.

CATTLE-RAISING.

In the ujjper jiart of the valley of the Mo'-a-pa are the grass-lands above mentioned.
In addition to these, along the dry benches on either side, and in a few places along
the valley of the \'irgen, there is a scant supply of buncli-grass. The reservation does
iiot alford extensive facilities for cattle-raising, though a few cows can be kept with
advantage.

15UILDINGS.

The buildings occupied by the present white settlers are of adobe covered with tules,
a species of reed-like plants. They would be of great value for the immediate use of
the einploy(js and a part of the Indians.

TIMliKK.

Witliin the i)resent l)i)un(hiries of the reservation there is no timber, but a short dis-
tance beyond the western liiu; a small amount of timber can be procured on the side of
a mountain known as (iass Mountain. To prevent speculators tiom seizing this for the
jiurposc (d" sclliti':; it to the (Jovcrnment, the boundaries of th(! reservation should be
exti-ndi'd so as to incliidr tlie t imbcr-tiiK't.

JIniidicds of th(Misaiids of cottonwoods have; been planted on the reservation, in
l)arl by tiie ]iresent settlers, Itut chieily by otiiers who ])r(ceded tliem. These are
uiaking \ igoioiis and healtliy growth, and will, in a few ytsus, furnish an abundance
of woi.d for fuel, and sonu! for l)uil(liiig purposes.

In the mean time fuel can be ])rociiicd by using the few mesquite bushes that grow-
in the vicinity of the farms.

15

Tlioro is ;i (lam, a iiiill-raco, and niill-ljiiiMiuf;, but no macliiiiery in tlio mill. Tliis
Hlionid at once h(\ properly supplied and worked, as the distance to settlenn-nts where
a mill is situated is verj' great.

ROADS.

There are til roe roads by ^vhi(•ll the settlement on the reservation is ai)proacIied

one from the llualapai mininf; district on the south, crossinj^ the Colorado Kiver at the
Jiiouth of tiie IJio Viri^en, auotlKU- from Saint George on the east, and auollier from
rioolie oil (he north. All these roads are very bad, making it expensive to traiisjjort
the necessary sujiplies and material for the reservation from the settlements where
they can be jirocured. One of the roads, probably the one from the agency to Pioche,
should be put in good order at once.

WHITE SETTLERS.

At the time this reservation was set apart by Executive order there were a number
of families settled in the valley, and tlu'y still remain for the purpose of holding tlieir
claims. They occupy the best lands and control much of the water which is ne(<led
for the reservation, and it was only by their sutierunce that the Indians were able to
plant a crop this fall. It will not be possible for the Indians to proceed with any ex-
tensive farming until these peo|)le ari^ removed.

There is danger of other troubles arising also, from their presence on the reservation,
as there is a constant conflict between them and the Indians, which becomes more bitter
daily, and, as the number of Indians is increased, it is liable to result in disastrous
consequences.

improve:mknts made by former settlers.

Early in the year 18(55 a number of people from Utah settled in the valley of the
Mo'-a-])a. Others followed rapidly and four towns were established, Saint Thomas,
Saint Joseph, Overton, and West Point ; and the numl>er increased until it was claimed
that there were more than two thousand people in the valley. Tliese people made ex-
tensive and valuable improvements. An extensive system of irrigating-canals was
constructed so as to utilize all the water of the Mo'-a-pa.

As the country was destitute of timber, cottonwoods were planted along these
water-courses. Much labor was also expended on the opening of roads.

When these people came into the valley it was supposed by tlieni that they wore
settling in the Territory of Arizona, but when the lines separating Utah, Arizona, and
Nevada were run by (jroverument surveyors the valley was found to be within the
jurisdiction of the State of Nevada. Tliereupon the inhabitants of the valley aban-
doned their homes and returned to Utah.

When they lift, other settlers came in and located claims in the most valuable parts
of the valley, under the laws of Nevada enacted for the purpose of securing possessory
rights.

The houses erected by the original settlers were built of adobes, usually covered
with tules or earth, and being of perishable material, they, with some exceptions,
have gone to ruin. These excejitions are the few houses which the present iniiabitants
have occupied and preserved. These people have also kept up only a part of the orig-
inal canals, constructing some new water-ways, and adapting them to their present
wants.

To utilize the valley as a reservation for the number of Indians which it is proposed
to assemble here, it will be necessary to repair the original canals and drain certain
swamps which were only partially drained by the first inhabitants. This can be done
with a saving to the Government of probably more than a hundred thousand dollars,
in comparison with the original cost of the work.

The land has never been surveyed by the Government, and the original owners lost
their possessory rights by abaudouinimt. The present settlers have acijuired possessory
rights, not to the whole valley with all its original improvements, but only to such
parts as are covered by their several claims. It would be impossible for the original
owners to actjnire possession of the valley again without purchasing the rights of the
present owners. They could yet obtain poss(;.ssion of the unoccupied jiortions of tho
valley, but this would not be suited to their communal organization, and it is be-
lieved that they do not desire to return, under any circumstances.

Sl'ECIAL REPORT.

The rights of tho present settlers are more fully set forth in the special report, of
which mention has been made.

THE PAI UTES SHOULD BE MADE FARMERS.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the valley of the Mo'-a-pa is well adapted to
agriculture, and that a system of canals is already constructed. Tho Indians them-

16

selves are willing to work and anxious to cultivate tbo soil. Altofjether tbe circum-
stances are very favoraVilc to the project of making farmers of the Pai Utes, and thus
enabling tlieni to become self-sustaining, and converting them from vicious, danger-
ous savages to civilized people.

UTES.

There are seven tribes eonstitnting tbe Utes of Utah, organized into a confederacy
under tbe ebiettainey of Tav'-wi, (Tab-bi.) The total number of these Indians is fjSd.

By ofbeial eonstruetion they are on the reservation in the valley of the Uintah, while
in fact but a small i)art of them remain there, the greater number assembling there
from time to time to receive" sn]i]>lies of clothing, &c.

l-'or a nninhfr of years the Sruv'-a-rits, nninl)ering 144, have refused to go to tbe
reservation as a trii)e ; but occasionally individuals have appeared there, allured by
the annual distributions. Late in the past sunmier the entire tribe went to the reser-
vation antl signitie<l their intention of remaining there and becoming farmers, if they
could receive the necessary assistance. Since ihe installment of a chief named Nu'-
ints, known to the white nnin as IJlack Hawk, this tribe has been the terror of the set-
tlers. S<Mncti:.u's they have been joined in their depredations by Utes from beyond
the Colorado River, but ofteuer by the Navajoes. Great numbers of horses and cattle
have been driven away from the settlements, often in droves of hundreds, and at one
time, when they were in league with the Navajoes, all of the settlements in the Sevier
Valley and many in the San Pete Valley were broken up, and eight or ten thousand
white peoj)le were driven from their homes. But their great chief, Nu'-iuts, is dead,
and his lieutenant and successor, Un-ka'-na-vo'-run, died in great distress early in the
winter of If7:2-'7U. Early in the last summer a terrible scourge swept oft" great num-
bers of this tribe, until but 144 remain, and these, terrified and humble, sue for peace
and promise to work.

TIIK UTE AGENCY REMOVED rXtOM SPANISH FORK TO UINTAH VALLEY.

Soon after tbe organization of the Territory of Utah, the Ute Indians inhabiting that
part of the country embraced within the Territory were assigned by the superintend-
ent of Indian allairs on duty there, and the agents acting under him, to small reserva-
tions or farms, and were encouraged to cultivate the soil, some at the valley of the
Uintah, others at Arrapene, in the valley of the San Pete, others at Corn Creek, near
Fillmore, Imt the greater number at Spanish Fork, on the shore of Utah Lake. At
this last plae(,' agency-buildings were erected and farming was conducted on an exten-
sive scale. .Subs((|ueutly thes<i Indians were more or less neglected, and the improve-
ments iuade at S])anish Fork ^^ere destroyed. In the j-ear lb'(i5 a treaty was made with
these Indians, under which it was stipulated that they should all go to the reservation
in the valley of the Uintah and give up their right to the other little farms of which
mention is made ai>ove.

On the part of the United States it was agreed that they should be established as
herdsmen and i'armers, with mills and schools, and many other provisions for their
benefit. This treaty was never ratified by the Senate, but the Indians themselves sup-
)iosiiig it to be a valid agreement from the tinus it was signed by them, have, so far as
it has lieen p<)ssil)le for them, conformed to its provisions. The (iravernmeut, on its
jtart, tlirough not recognizing the treaty, still give the Indians a liberal supply of
clothing, and other articles for <lomestic use, but it has never made any adequate provi-
sion for their snjiport and estal)lishment as agriculturists.

CANNOT liK KEPT ON THE liESERVATION.

In their associaticm with the white settlers in the valleys of Utah, many difficulties
have arisen from time ti> time, and frequent complaints luive come up to the Indian
I)ei)artnient at Wasliington against tht'se Indians, on the ground that they Avould not
remain on the reservation. Ibit it has not been possiblefor them to remain ; they have
been comjielled to go elsewhere! to obtain a living.

In the snmmcr (if 1^72 the greater number of these Imlians appeared in the settle-
ments about file shore of Utah L;ike and in San Pete Valley, causing sonu; alarm to the
people. A special Indian agent and a number of Army'ofhcers met them in council
soon after lor the purpose of inilucing them to return to the reservation. When told
that they would be lbrce<l to go back, they openly defied the authorities, ami challenged
some of the ofiieers who were jiresent to fight. When afterward informed that they
would be fiirnisheil with food on the agency, that herds of cattle an, 1 loads of flour
should lie imineiliately taken tbi-re, they agreed to go, and .some of these Indians have
this summer told the coinmi.ssion that, at that time, they had determined to tight
rather tli.in stay on tln^ reservation and starve, for they feared hunger more than they
did the soldiers. Under the existing state of fact.s, it is nnrea.sonable to expect these
Indians to renniii) on the reservation.

17

WHAT MUST UK DONK TO KKKP TIIKM ON TMi: i;i:si;i;\A 1 IO\.

They iinist bo tiuifilit to f';iiiii, and, in tbo mean time, supported, to enable them td'
abandon their nomadic liabit.s.

Already a number of the Indians have been induced to cultivate little patches of
(ground, and if a proper provision could be made to carry ou this work for a very few
years, they would beconu^ self-supporting.

They should also have houses built. As lonj; as an Indian has a tent he can move
his home from time to time at will, but induce him to live in a cabin and his home is
lixed. A number of these Utes infornu'd your commissioners that they desired to have
houses, and their a^cnt, Mr. ("rltehelow, conlirms this.

Many of the better class of Imlians are accnmulating some property in cattle. Two
or three have as many as lifty head each, and it is very noticeable that those wlio have
property api)reciate the ri<j;hts of property and are advocati^s of peace and honesty.
The valley of the Uintah is admirably adapted to stock-raisinj;. Tiie chaufre from
hunters to stock-raisers is not a violent step, and would be in the light direction.

NKKD OF A (iOOD UOAD TO TIIK UIXTAH VAI.I.KY.

One of the serious difilicuities on this agency is the want of a good roa<l by which to
reach the settlements. Sniiplies are now hauled over the Uintah Monntaiihs, crossing
diflicult and rapid streams again and again, and the road is traveled with much labor
and great expense. A road can be made from the agency to Green River Station, or to
some point farther to the east, at less cost than to build a road over the Wasatch
^Vonntains to Salt Lak(! City, the road now traveled. And there would be other
advantages, in that the road to the northeast could be used in winter and the distance
to the railroad shorter.

PAH-VANTS.

The Pah-vants, under the chieftaincy of Kanosh, number 134. They speak the same
language as the Utes of Uintah Valley, socially aftiliate with them, are intermarried
with them, and sometimes join them in their hunting excursions. They should be
taken to the reservation at Uintah, their number being too small to warrant the estab-
lishment of a separate reservation for their benefit.

They have shown themselves somewhat averse to removing to that place, but through
Kanosh, their chief, have tinally agreed that if the President of the United States insists
on their going, and will assist them to become farmers, they are willing to try what
can be done.

Kanosh is a man of ability. He lives in a house which was built for him by a former
superintendent of Indian affairs for Utah, and, in part, adojits the habits of civilized
life ; but his people live chiefly by gathering seeds, hunting, and begging, though they
raise a little wheat and corn.

This year they cultivated about thirty acres of wheat, which yielded a very jioor
harvest.

No Indians in all the territory visited by your commission have, in past years, re-
ceived one-quarter of the amount of goods, in proportion to their numbers, as the Pah-
vants, and this generous treatment ou the part of the Government has added to the in-
fluence of Kanosh, for he has thus proved to the surrounding tribes his ability to influ-
ence the Government officials, and he is their admiration and envy; and they have
learned to consult him, to a great extent, concerning all their dealings with the officers
of the Indian Department.

There are circumstances connected with his relation to the Mormon Church that may
lead him to refuse to go. In such a case he should be compelled with any force that
may be necessarj-.

Before such a course is taken, the Government should provide tiie mcins by which
such removal would accrue to the benelit of him and his people.

GO-SI UTES.

The (Jo si Utes number 4('0. Tiiey inhabit a district of country west of Utah Lake
and Great Salt Lake, on the line between Utali and Nevada, a part being in the Terri-
tory and a part in the State.

These Indians are organized into a confederacy, under the chieftaincy of Pi-an'-
luuup.

More than ,iny other Indians visited by the commission, tiiese (io-si Utes are culti-
viitingthe soil and working for white men. Pi-an'-nnmp, who is a brother of Kanosh,
chief of the Pah-vants, is proud to claim that ht' earns his own living. Scorning to
beg, he is willing to work, and while he is notable to induce all his Indians to take the
same course, yet his inllnence is entirely for good.

His people are scattered in very small band.s. cultivating tlie soil ab:)ut little springs

2 P I

18

here and tbi'r(',aud from year to year compelled to give up their farms as they are
seized liy white men. They are all anxious to obtain permanent homes, and are willing
to ;;i) wherever the Pi'ebident will direct, if they can only thus secure land and make a
htart as farmers.

The Go-si Utes speak a lanf^nnj^e much more nearly allied to the Northwestern Sho-
ehones than the Utes, th{>u<;h tiie greater number of them affiliate with the Utes, and
are intermarried witli them.

The ^^reatcr i)art oftlicm would prefer to go to Uintah, hut a few, on account of mar-
riage-ties, desire to go with the Shoshones. It would probably be well to give them,
this choiee.

The I'tes of I'tah number ;")(), the Pahvants 134, and the Go-si Utes of Utah and
Nevada, 4tJ0, making a total of IjIfjO Indians, who should be collected on the reservation
at Uintah.

THE SMALL RESERVATIONS AT SAN PETE, CORN CREEK, SPANISH FORK,

AND DEEP CREEK.

Previous to the advent of white men in Utah, the Indians were raising corn, squashes,
and otiier grains, and vegetables. Among the tracts of land thus cultivated, there were
four remarkable for their extent, one in a little valley along a stream, tributary to the
San I'etf, now known as Twelve-mile Creek, another at Corn Creek, near Fillmore, a
third at Si>anish Fork, on the shore of Utah Lake, and a fourth at Deep Creek, near
the Neva<la line. At the tune when Brigham Young was governor of the Territory and
ex-offirio superintendent of Indian Aliairs, the Indians were encouraged to continue
their farming at these places, and were told that the lands Avould not be taken from
them. But communal towns were planted near by, and the Indians engaged on the
farms were ])ut under th(^ charge of the bishops of these towns. During the adminis-
tration of snbse(|nent oflicials, buildings were erected at Spanish Fork and a proper
agency established there by authority of Congress. For a number of years no definite
boundaries were given to the Indian farms, or reservations as they came to be styled,
but in order to i)revent white j)ersons from diverting the water to other lands, at last,
certain natural boundaries were designated in such a manner as to secure the water-
rights.

The number of Indians at the so-called reservations was always very small, and
when the matter was more thoroughly understood by the Department at Washington,
it was not deemed wise to encourage the Indians to remain on them, but a treaty was
nuulf by wiiich they agreed to unite in the valley of the Uintah, on the eastern side of
th(i AVasateh Mountains. (Mention of this treaty has been made above.)

Some time after the signing of this treaty by the Indians the superintendent of
Indian affairs for Utah reeommended the sale of the old ludiau farms, and that the
])ro(e(ds of such sale should accrue to the benefit of the Indians. It is necessary to a
])ro]ier un<lerstaiiding of tlio matter to remember that these reservations were never
establishfd by law, or by Executive order, so that up to this time they had no legal
status as reservations, but an act of Congress approved May 5, 18(54, entitled "An act
to vacate and sell tlie jiresent Indian n^servations in Utah, and to settle the Indians of
said Territory in Uintali VaHcy,"' provides "* " That the Secretary of the Interior
be, and is hen-by, authori/.id and re(inired to cause the several Indian reservations
ln'iftofore made, or oecui)ied as such, in the Territory of Utah to be surveyed and
Kold." And it still further )trovides that the jjroeeeds of the sales should be used for
the benefit of the Indians. ( f'iilc U. S. Statutes at Large, vol. i;5, p. i\:\.)

'fhis is the fiist legal recognition of said reservations, but when the surveyor-general
(if Colorado Teiritory was instructed by the Secretary of the Int(^rior to cause thesur-
vey of siiid reservations, neither the Land Offue nor the Indian I)ei»artment could de-
f ermine where such reservations weri; situated, as no i)lat or iceord of any such reserva-
tions euuld be found. Thereupon the Secretary of the Interior issued the following
iu! trnctions:

" DKr.VnTMKNT OF TlIK InTKUIOK,

" lf'((fihiii<jtoii, D. C, February C), 1865.
'•.^ii:: I reiiiiii lierewitli the papers submit led with your letter of the IGth ultimo,
roneerniiig the sale of Indian reservations in Utah. I also inclose letter of the Com-
)iiis.-ioner of the Land-Ofhee of the t,'4lh idtimo, and cojjy of a correspondence with
that <)t1i(e on the subject, and have to state, in relation to the abandoned reservations,
that instiiietions be given to t lie huperihteiident of IndiaTi Affairs to designate, as fiir
as he can ascertain, the extiMit of tiw tracts of country occupied by the Indians and
recogni/ed as Ibeir reservations ; and in so doing that Othce may be directed to include
nil llie arable, lan<ls of the valleys in which Iht! reservations are situated, together a
)iroper ipiantity of adjacent timber-lands, ibr the convenience of the farming-lands,
all to be laid off in small lots, and in such form for irrigation and settlement as to he

1!)

the most attractive and convenient for settlers. If it nliall he found tliat tlic lands are
of an unreasonable extent for the reservation, a portion can lie wiliilicld from sale
upon iiii inspection of the ])lots of survey.

'' Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

"A. P. US I IKK,

' HicnUiry.
" Wm. p. Dolk, Esq.,

*' Commisnioncr of Indian Jffuirs."

Under these instructions four tracts of land were surveyed and divided into lots.
The Indian farm at San Pete was but a small tract of land at a point where a little
stream issues from the mountain on which is situated the Indian town known :us Arra-
pene. The survey of the reservation here was made to include not only the orij^inal
Indian farm, but was extendtsd over a district of country twcdve miles siiuarc, so as to
include the town of Gunnison, with siiveral hundred inhabitants and extensive im-
provements. There is a map of this survey on tile in the Land Department. The
Indian farm is there properly laid down on Twelve-Mile t'reek, between the main
ranjje and an outlying mountain. The town of (Junuison is not laid down on the map,
but its situation is indicated by the ditch, mill-race, and saw-mill on the north bank
of the San Pete River, a few miles above its junction with the J^evier.

At Corn Creek also, not only the part of country embraced within the natural
boundaries indicated by the superintendent of Indian affairs, as heretofore stated,
was included in the survey, but it, also, was extended over a district of country twelve
miles square, so as to include within its boundaries the towns of Petersburg, Meadow
Creek and Corn Creek, and a number of outlying farms.

On the map of the Corn Creek reservation, on file in the Land Department, the
situation of the Indian farm does not appear, and properly, for the surveyed huul did
not include it. The town of Petersburg iscalled on that map " Corn Creek settlement,"
and Meadow Creek settlement is indicated.

At Spanish Fork the survey was made to include the original Indian fiirm, and also
the farm of one white man. The interests of no other settlers were interfered with.

Whether the survey at Deep Creek was made to include any lands pre-occupied by
white men, is not known to the commission.

The commission made as thorough an examination into the facts concerning these
reservations as it was possible for it to do without examining witnesses by legal meth-
ods, but evidence of the correctness of the above statement can be found in th(^ othcial
records of the Indian Bureau, and such records have been carefully examined by the
commission.

In executing the provisions of the law these tracts of land were valued by special
commissions appointed by the then Secretary of the Interior, but the owners of the
improvements which had been included in the surveys protested against the sale of
their property without just compensation to themselves.

Thereupon the Secretary of the Interior caused an appraisal to be made of their im-
provements.

It has before been stated that these reservations had no legal status until the enact-
ment of the law of 18G4. The wording of that law, which recognizes certain reserva-
tions in Utah, is as follows:

" The several reservations heretofore made or occupied as such in the Territory of
Utah." It would seem a forced construction of this phraseology to hold that, under it,
authority was given to survey and sell tracts of land which had never been used as
such Indian reservations, but which had been settled upon by white men anterior to
the passage of the law. It would seem that the law under consideration contemplated
the sale of certain lands which had previously been reserved for the; use of the Indians
by the officers of the Indian Department on duty in Utah ; that is, the farms which had
been cultivated bvthe Indians, and such adjacent lands, within certain natural bound-
aries indicated above, as these officials had told the Indians would be kept for then-
use ; but lands which had been occupied by these white settlers prior to and during
the administration of such officials could not properly be included under the provisions
of this law. It would certainly be an injustice to sell these lands without compensat-
ing the owners for their improvements. But there are great areas of laud adjacent to
these, equally as good, yet unsold and unoccupied, which these same settlers could
obtain bv occupation under the homestead laws, and the lands in question have no
other value in the market than that given to them by the improvements. In the con-
dition of aflairs in Utah, where the towns have a communal organization virtually ex-
cluding non-communal people, these improvements could be sold to none other than the
people bv whom they were made.

If, then, an interpretation is given to this law to the eft'ect that the Secretary ot the
Interior shall cause the sale of the lands occupied by these people, it simply amounts
to this, that certain improvements shall be seized by the Government, and sold to the
parties from whom they have been seized, and that the proceeds of such sales shall be

20

usL-il to imli'iiiiiiry llu' ]u'oi)lc for the loss of the iuiprovemeuts seized by the Goveru-
uu'iit. Such a coiuso is inaiiil'cstly ahsiird.

In the iiieaiitiiiie tlic piople of the town of Gunnison, not having been removed from
llie lands, have steadily inireased the value of their improvements, and other settle-
ments have been made on San I'ete Kiver. The same statement -would be true in
resjieet to Corn Creek. No settlements i)roper have been made on the Spanish Fork
reservation. Mines have been discovered in the vicinity of Peep Creek, and non-
communal i)eo|>le have settled on all the best of the lands within the boundaries of the
so-called reservation.

'i"he several tribes of Indians to whom the farms at one time 1)elon<;ed now claim
their original farms, and also the.se communal towns, thus greatly complicating the
administration of Indian atfairs in the Territory. It is greatly to be de.sired that the
(piestion should be settled at the earliest i)racticable day. The commission would
therefore recommend the repeal of the law of 1864, which would place these tracts on
the same footing as other Government lands — subject to " houjestead entry."

NORTmA^ESTERN SHOSHONES.

A jiart of the Northwestern Shoshoues under Po-ka-tel-lo and Tav'-i-wnn-she'-a
have already removed to reservations Their wants will doubtless be properly repre-
sented by their respective agents.

There are jet two tril)es united iu a confederacy under the chieftancy of San-pits
for whom jiroxision should be made. At the last conference held with tliein this fall
they siguilied their willingness to go on the I'eservation at Fort Hall provided its area
be extended so as to include a certain valley to the southwest.

One or two days before the Commission left the held on its return to Washington an
assistant was sent to accompany the chiefs of these tribes to the Fort Hall Reservation
tor the puqiose of examining the country. Mr. Reed, the agent for that reservation,
kindly consented to go with them, and to do all in his power to satisfy them of the
good intention of the Government, and the desirability of that district of country for
a reservation. Since the return of the Commission to Washington the following letter
has been receive<l.

"Fort Hall Indian Agency, December 1, 1873.
"Deai; Sin : I have the pleasure to say the Indians we saw as delegates reached here

in due time, and after a day or two's rest we sent them on their journej' except ,

who, with his wife, concluded to stop here over the winter. I was sick and sent head-
farmer IJaker, a man every way reliable and well acquainted with the country. They
found a place which pleased them a few miles south of this, and up Bannock Creek
found enough good land to satisfy them, all of which is on the reservation. They were
so well pleased as of their own accord to abandon the journey to Goose Creek alto-
gether. They say in the sjjring they will come in force prepared to have their hou.ses
and lixtnrcs, and go to farming, &.c.
' R;'s]icctfuliv yours,

"HENRY W. REED,

'' United Stiites Indian Agent.
"(jl. W. iNCAl.l.S, Esq."

It will thus l>e .seen that all the Northwestern Shoshoues have agreed to go on the
reservation at Fort Hall, instigated by their desire to obtain land and under represen-
tation that the Government would secure to them a permanent title to the same; and
also jirovide for their immediate wants and aid them in learning to farm. These Indians
have not of late years cultivated the .soil, are good hunter.s, well mounted and nomadic
in tiieii habits, but they state their desire to become farmers and herdsmen.

WESTERN SHOSHONES.

'{'he Western Sho.shones number 1,94.') and are divided into thirty-one tribes. They
inhabit Southeastern Oregon, Southwestern Idaho, and Central Nevada. Of these
trilies iM.t more than one-fourth took ))art in the tri;aty of October 1, 18()3, made at
Ruby \'alley in Nevada. The tribes living to the south and west were not present or
represented in any manner. I'nder that treaty it was stipulated that the Western
ShoshoneH could be called to a reservation at the will of the Pesident, and that
these triltessliould receive annuities to the amount of $5,000 for a term of twenty years.
Only the northern tribes, who took part in th(! treaty, have received the benefit of this
sfipnlation. Thi; southern and western tribes, having taken no part in the treaty,
have received no jiart of liie annuities, and eonsidtu- that they are under no obligations
to tlie (leneral (Jovernnieiit , and exliiliit some reluctance to their proposed removal to
:i res.rv.ition. The northern tribes, who did take part in the treaty, would prefer to

21

itMiiiiiii wliere they now arc, if lands could he {riven them in the several districts, hnt
Mhen informed that such a eonise could not be taken and explanations wen; {^iven to
them of the reason tlierefor, they exi>ressed a willinEjness to settle on the Siioshone
River, to the north, within the limits or adjacent to the reservation at Fort Hall, jtro-
vided it should be found, on t-xamination, to contain sntticient ajjricultnral lands to
meet their wants.

Deh'fiates from some of the northern tribes visited the Fort TIall Reservation at the
su^f^estion of the commission, and expressed their entire satisfaction with that dis-
tri(!t of country, but a part of these ncnthern triltes and all of the southern trilxis were
unrepresented in this dele;;ation. It is believed that there will be no ditliculty in in-
dncin<r all the northern tribes of Iiuliaus to remove. A little more time and more
thorou<;h explanation is needed to induce the southern tribes to cons(!nt to a removal,
but it is l)elieved that eventually their consent can be ol)taiued.

The condition of tlu'se Indians does not ditl'er materially from that of the l*ai-l,'tes
and Go-si Utes which have been heretofore numtioned, thoujrh it should be stated that
the more southern tribes are in an exceedinf^ly demoralized state ; they ]>rowl about
the niinin{;-cami)s, bej^ging and i>ilferin{r, the wotnen prostitutinj; themselves to the
lust of the lower class of men. There aie no Indians in all the territmy visited by
your commission, wliose removal is so imperatively demanded by consitlerations of
justice and humanity, as these Shoshones of Nevada.

THE FOK'T HALL RESERVATION.

In a communication to the Department, nuide by the commission in June last, and
Avhich is embodied in this report, a <;eneral statement was made concerning the value
■of the district of country within the boundaries of this reservation. It is necessary
only to repeat the statement that the reservation is quite suflicieut and the country
well adapted for the purposes for which it was set apart. On the reservation there are
some f^ood bnildiuKs. a saw-mill, jj;rist-mill, and shiufjle-machiue. Some farmin<j has
been carried on, chiefly by the employment of Indian labor, h is reiiorted that there
are 1,0:?7 Indians on the reservation at least a part of the year. To the northwest, ou
the Salmon River, there are a number of tribes, nuvnbering altoj^ether about .')00. These
tribes were visited during the past year by the s))ecial connuission, of which the Hon.
J. 1*. C. Shanks was chairman, and it is proposed by that commission that these Indians
also l)e brought to the reservation at Fort Hall. The total number of Indians thus to
be coUectedou the reservation is :{,882, viz : 1,037 already on the reservation, 5U0 of
the Salmon River tribes, 400 of the Northwestern Shoshones, and 1,945 of the West-
ern Shosiiones.

THE RA-VI-O'-TSOES OR PAH-UTES.

In the report of the agent of the Pa-vi-o'-tsoes belonging to the Walker River and
Pyramid Lake reservations, these Indians are estimated to number HOO. They seem to
be making substantial progress in civilization, cultivating the soil to the extent of the
facilities afforded on the reservations, and support themselves largely liy fishing, selling
the surplus products of the tisheries at good rates to the people of the railroad towns
adjacent. There appears to be no reason to change the opinion expressed in the state-
ment made last June that the Indians should be removed to some other place where they
can become agriculturalists. Since that communication was made additional reasons for
such a removal have appeared. It is jyrobable that the Central Pacific Railroad Com-
pany is entitled to a part of the land embraced within the reservation, nu<ler the grant
made to it by Congress. If this should prove true, it would be necessary to purchase such
lauds in order to secure these reservations for the use of the Indians, and <\'heu so pur-
chased they would be entirely inadeiiuate to their wauts. Doubtless the Indians them-
selves would raise very serious objections to the removal, but they are industrious, intelli-
gent, manageable people, and it is believed that if the necessities for the removal
were properly represented to them, and, in addition to this, they are given substantial
evidence that good lands will be secured to them, and that they will receive valmible
aid by being supplied with farming-implements, seeds, cattle, &e., they will event-
ually'^cousent to the removal. Fnuii the best iufornuition at the command ot the com-
mission, and after making diligent iiuiuiries, it is believed that there are about 1,000
Indians allied in language to these Pa-vi-o'-tsoes, yet distributed ab(Uit \N estern Ne-
vada and Northeastern California. . . , f.

During the past season the commission met many of the chiefs and principal men ot
these tribes. They, like the other Indians of I'tali and Nevada, are anxious to obtain
lands. Doubtless no great ditliculty would be met in inducing them to go on a reser-
vation ; but within the territory inhabited by them there are no unoccupied lands
which could be secured for their use. To the north, on the Malheur h'lver, there is a
reservation of what is represented to be good land, well watered, and with abundance
of timber. On this reservation there are about .^>00 Indians allied to these ot ^evada
and California. The commission deem it wise that au effort should be made to consol-

22

idiite all these Indians, namely, the Indians already on the Malheur Keservation, the
uncollected trihcH in Western' Nevada and Northeastern California, and the Indians
who belong; to the Walker Kiver and Pyramid Lake reservations.
The total number of such Indians would be about 2,300.

RECAPITULATION.

The tribes whose condition has been thus briefly discussed, and for whose disposi-
tion rccommeu(lati(Mis huve been made, are scattered over a great extent of territory,
embracing the greater part of the region between the Rocky Mountains and the
Sierras. Tlie boundaries of this region may be indicated in a geueral way as follows :
Beginning on the ninth line of Oregon where that line crosses the Sierras, and con-
tinuing south along the crest of this range of mountains to W^alker's Pass in Southern
California, and from thence east to the southeast corner of Nevada ; and from thence
northeast to the point where San .Juan River crosses the northern line of Arizona ; and
from thence east aloiig this liiu' to the southeast corner of Utah ; and from thence
luirth along the eastern line of Utah and beyond the line of Utah to the Wind River
Mountains: and from thence in a northwesterly direction along the Wind River Moun-
tains and the mountains which sejjarate Montana from Idaho to a point directly east
of the northern line of Oregon, and from that point to the place of beginning. The
region of country thus described endnaces the greater part of Idaho, nearly two-thirds
of Oregon, nearly one-fourth of California, the entire State of Nevada, and the Terri-
tory of Utah, one-fifth of Arizona, and one-sixth of Wyoming, and contains about
4-20,000 sipiare miles.

Within the territory thus described there are two small reservations, of which no
mention has been nui'de in this report, on the eastern slope of the Sierras in Oregon.
The Indians who belong to these reservations originally occupied the country west of
the Sierras, and do not belong to the great family of tribes we have been discussing.
The Shoshones'and Bannocks, of the Wind River Reservation, are without the bound-
aries of the country described, but they belong to the same family of tribes.

The same is tru(i with regard to the tribes of Utes which belong to the great reserva-
tion in Western Colorado ; and the Comanches of Texas are also a branch of this peo-
ple. The Indians who inhabit this great district of country are estimated to number
nearly 27,000, in the last annual rej)ort of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The facts
which we have collected show that there are not more than 9,3.')9 ; and adding to this
:!00 Chem-a-hue-vis, belonging to the same race that live to the south of the district
described, we have 9,r).')l).

It is i)rop()scd to collect all the Pai-L'tes of Southern Nevada, Southeastern California,
Northwestern Arizona, and Southern Utah, together with the Chem-a-hne-vis of South-
eastern California, on the Mo'-a-pa reservation, in Southern Nevada. The total num-
ber of these Indians is 2,327.

It is proposed to collect the Utes of L'tah, the Pah vants of Utah, and the Go-si Utes
of Ut.ih and Northeastern Nevada on the Uintah reservation. The total number of
these Indians is l,loO.

It IS jMoposed to collect the Bannocks and Shoshoues at Fort Hall ; the Sho-
shone tribes of Salmon River, the Northwestern Shoshones of Southern Idaho and
Nortliern Utah, and the ^^'estern Shoshones of Central Nevada, Southwestern Idaho,
and Southeastern Oregon, on the reservation at Fort Hall. The total number of these
Indians is 3,H82.

It is jiroposed to collect the Pah-Utes, Shoshones, A-c, who are already on the
Malheur reservation, the Pah-Utes or Pa-vi-o'-tsoes, who are now on the reservation at
Pyramid Lake anil Walker River, and the uncollected tribes of Western Nevada and
Noitl. eastern California, on the lestrvation at Malheur River. The total number of
ihi'se Indians is 2,300.

fin the aceomi»anying map, being a part of the map of the United States and Terri-
tories ((iiiipiied 111 the tJeiieial Laii<l-()l1ice, the several districts of country inhabited
l>y the tiiljes included in this report are indicated by colors numbered to correspond
w ith a tabidar statement. The Indians inhabiting the districts colored with carmine
are J'ai-Utes, and the reservation recommended for them is of the same color, bordered
with black. 'J"he brown colors indicate the tribes which should be collected at the
(iiit.'di leservalion. 'J his ifservation is also colored brown, bordered with black.

The yellow colors indicate tribes which should go to the Fort Hall reservation, which
is also colored yellow, Itordered with black.

'I he Indians that should be collected at the Malheur reservation inhabit the region
of country iiieliided within green lines, and tin- Malheur reservation is colored green,
with lilaek tiorder.

Kmliraced w ithin the boundaries of the four reservations there are about ten thou-
sand sipiare miie.s (it land. Only a small ]>ortioii of this land is lit for agricultural
jiuriKPSes, miieii ot' it Iteing sandy desert and mountain waste.

The district of count ry relieved of the presence of the Indians is about four hun-
dred and ten thoiisantl s<|uare miles.

GENERAL IHCMAKKS.

All of till! Imliaiis wlio havo hoen visited by the ooniiiiisHioii fully appnMiati! the
Iiopt'U'.ssness of coiitendiiig against the (ioveriiment of the United .States an I the tide
of civilization.

They are broken into many small tribes, and their homes so interspersed ammi;,' the
settlements of white men, that their power is entirely broken and no fear slionld l>e
entertained of a general war with them. The time has ]>asseil when it was necessary
to bny peace. It only remains to decide what shonld l)e done with them for the relief
of the white people from their i)etty depredations, and from tlie demoralizing intlnences
accompanying the presence of savages in civilized commnnities, and also for thc^ best
interests of the Indians themselves. To give them a i)artial supply of clothing and a
small amonnt of food annnally, while they yet remain among the settlements, is to
enconrage them in idleness, and directly tends to establish them as a class of wan-
dering beggars. If they are not to be collected on reservations they shonlil no
longer receive aid from the General (iovernmeut, for every dollar given them in their
present condition is an injury. This mnst be understood in the light that it is no
longer necessary to bny peace. Perhaps the Utes of the Uintah Valley shotild be ex-
cepted from this statement, as they might thus be induced to join the Utes of Western
Colorado who are yet nnsnlxlued.

Again, they cannot bo colh^cted on reservations and kept there without provision
being ma(U^ for their maintenance. To have them nominally on a reservation and ac-
tually, the greater part of the year, wanderitig among the settlements, is of no advan-
tage, but rather an injury, as the people, believing that they shonld remain on their
reservations, and considering that they are violating their agreements with the Gov-
ernment in wandering away, refuse to employ them and treat them with many indig-
nities. And this consolidation of a number of tril)es of Indians in one body makes
them stronger, more independent, and more defiant than they would be if scattered
about the country as small tribes. If, then, they arc to be collected on reservatiims and
held there by furnishing them with an adequate support, it is evident wisdom that they
should l)e provided with the necessary means and taught to work, that they may be-
come self-supporting at the earliest possible day ; and it is urgently recommended that
steps be taken to secure this end, or that they be given over to their own resources and
left to fight the battle of life for themselves. It is not ])leasaiit to contemplate the
etlect and linal result of this last-mentioned course. The Indian in his relations with
the white man rarely associates with the better class, but finds his companions in the
lowest and vilest of society — men whose object is to corrupt or plunder. He thus
learns from the superior race everything that is bad, nothing that is good. His pres-
ence in the settlement is a source of irritation and a cause of fear, especially among
the better class of people.

Such persons will not employ him, for they do not desire the presence of a half-
naked, vicious savage in their families.

Nor are the people of these communities willing to assume the trouble or expense of
controlling the Indians by the ordinary agencies of local goverunient, but are always
ready to punish either real or sujiposed crimes by resort to arms.

Such a course, together with the ettects of crime and loathsome disease, must finally
result in the annihilation of the race.

By the other alternative, putting them on reservations and teaching them to labor,
they mnst for a number of years be a heavy expense to the General Government, but
it is believed that the burden would not be aa great as that on the local governments
if the Indians were left to themselves. It is very probable, also, that in the sequel it
will be found cheaper for the General Government to collect them on reservations, for
there is alwavs serious danger of petty conflicts arising between the Indians and white
men which will demand the interfereiice of the General Government and entail some
expense. The commission does not consider that a reservation should be looked ni>on
in the light of a pen where a horde of savages are to be ted with Hour and beet, to be
supplied with blankets from the (JovernmeTit bounty, and to be fnrnishi-d with paint and
gew-gaws by the greed of traders, but that a reservation should be a scliool ol indus-
try and a home for these unfortunate lu'ople. In council with the Indians great care
was taken not to implant in their minds the idea that the Government was willing to
pay them for vielding lands which white men needed, and that as a recompense
for snch lands "thev would be furnished with clothing and food, and thus enabled to
live in idleness. The question was presented to the Indian something in this light :
The white men take these lands and use them, and from the earth secur.' to themselves
food, clothing, and manv other desirable things. Why sh(uil(l nut the Indian do the
same ? The Governmeiit of th(! United States is anxious for yon to try. It you will
unite and agree to become fanners, it will secure to you permanent titles to snch lands
as you need', and will give vou the necessary assistance to begin such a lile, exi)ectinic
that you will soon be able ito take care of yourselves, as do white men and civilized
Indians.

24

All the tribes int'iitioueil in this cotisii.s tahle, mid niimy others, have beeu visited by
the coinniission, and fiv(inent eousultation.s held with them conceiiiiiig the importance
of their nintjviiiy to reservations, and they have discnssed it anion*; themselves very
fully.

Care has been taken to secure common consultation amonj;- those tribes whicli should
be nnited as represented in the plans above, and we doubt not that these questions
■will form the subject of many a nij^ht's council durinj; the present winter; and if the
sufj^^estions made by the commission should be acted upon, it is to be hoped that next
summer will lind the {jjreat majority of these Indians prepared to move.

SUGGKSTIONS IN IJEGAKI) To TIIK MAX.VGKMEXT OF THESE RKSERVATIOX8.

"With a view of ultimately civilizing these Indians, the commission beg leave to make
some suggestions concerning the management of reservations.

First. All bounties given to the Indians should, so far as possible, be used to induce
them to work. No able-bodied Indian should be either fed or clothed except in pay-
ment for labor, even though such labor is expended in providing for his own future
wants. Of course these remarks apply only to those who form the subject of our re-
port— those with whom it is no longer necessary to deal as public enemies, and with
the understanding that they must be conciliated to prevent war. It has already beeu
stated that such a course is unnecessary with these Indians.

Second. They should not be pro^ ided with ready-made clothing. Substantial fabrics
should be given them from Mhich they can manufacture their own garments. Such a
course was taken during the past year with the Pi-Utes, under the direction of the com-
mission, and the result was very satisfactory. For illustration, on the Pi-Ute reserva-
tion four hundred Indians received uncutclotb sufticient to make each man, woman, and
child a suit of clothes. AVith these fabrics thread, needles, buttons, &c., were issued.
The services of an intelligent, iiainstaking woman were secured to teach the woman
how to cut and make garments for themselves and their families. Three weeks after
the i.ssue of this material the commission revisited the reservation and found these In-
dians well clothed in garments of their own make. At first they complained bitterly
that ready-made clothing was not furnished to them as it had been previously, but
when we returned to the reservation it was found that they fully appreciated that the
*ame money had been much more advantageously spent than on previous occasions.

Where the Indians have received ready-made clothing lor a number of years, the
charge should not be made too violently, but a wise and tirm agent Could soon have
all his Indians making their own clothing.

Third. The Indians should not be furnished with tents; as long as they have tents
they move about with great facility, and are thus encouraged to continue their nomadic
life. As fast as possil)]e houses should be built for them. Some of the Indians are
already prepared for such a change, and greatly desire to live in houses. A few, espe-
cially the older jx'ople, are i>rejudiced against such a course, and perhaps at lirst could
not l)e induced to live in them ; but such a change could be made gradually to the great
advantage of the Indian, both for his health and comfort and for its civilizing inliueuce.

Fourth. Each Indian family should be supplied with a cow, to enable them to start
in the accumulation of property. The Indians now understand the value of domestic
cattle, and are anxious to accpiire this class of proi)erty, and a few of them have already
made a Ijegiuning in this direction. Some have ten, twenty, thirty, and even fifty head,
lliongh these are exceptional cases, ami it is interesting to notice that, as soon as an
Indian accpiires ])roperty, he more thoroughly appreciates the rights of property, and
beconics an advocate of law and order.

Filth. In all this country the soil cannot hv cultivated without artificial irrigation,
and uiidir these conditions agricultnral ojierations are too com])licatcd for the Indian
without caieinl siipci inttiidence. It will be impossible also to find a sufficient body
of land in any one jdacf for the necessary farms; tlu'y nnist be scattered many miles
apart. There will, therefore, be needed on each reservation a number of farmers to give
general <Iirection to all such labor.

Sixth. On each icscivation there should be a blacksmith, carpenter, ami a saddle and
harni-ss maker, and each <if these mechanics should employ several Indian apprentices,
.■iiid sliould consider that the most imjiortant part of his duty was to instruct such ap-
priiiti( cs, and fioni time to time a shoemaker and other mechanics should be added to
this number.

Seventh. An clficient medical department should bo organized on each reservation.
A great number of the diseases with which thelndian is plagued yield readily to medi-
cal trf.-ilmiiit, and by such a course many lives can l)e saved and nuuh sufiering pre-
vcntrd. I!nt llicie is another very imjioitant reason for the establishment of a medi-
<al dr]iaituient. 'i'lie magician <u- " medicinc-mun "' wields much infiuence, and such
intliiencc is always bad ; but in the presence of an intelligent physician it is soon lost.

Eighth. It is nnnecess:iry to mention the i)ower which schools would have over the
lisiiig grneratien of Indians. Xcxt to teaching Ihem to work, the most imporraut

25

tiling is to touch them the English language. Into their own hingnage there is woven
so uinch mythology and sorcciy that a new one is needed in order to aid tliem in ad-
vancing beyond their baneliil superstitions; and the ideas and tiionglits of civilized
life cannot he comiuuuicated to them in their own tongues.

THE RKL.VnON OF TllK ARMY TO TIIIvSK IXUIANS.

Your commission cannot refrain from expressing its opinion concerning the etVect of
the presence of soldiers among tliese Indians where they arcs no longer needed to keep
tliera under subjection. They regard the presence of a soldier as a standing menace,
and to them the very name of soldier is synonynmns with all that is ollcnsive and evil.
To the soldier they attribiite their social demoralization and the unnicntionable dis-
eases with which tliey are infested. Everywhere, as we traveled among these- Indians,
the question would be asked us, " It' we go to a reservation will the {JoverMnmnt [ihiee
soldiers there?" And to such a removal two objections were invariably urged; the
first was, "We do not wish to desert the graves of our fathers," and the second, " We
do not wish to give our women to the embrace of the soldiers."

If the troops are not absolutely necessary in the country for the purpose of over-
awing these Indians, or protecting them in tlieir rights against the encroachments of
white men, it will be concede<l that they should be removed.

We have already expressed the opinion that they are not needed to prevent a gen-
eral war, and we believe that they are not useful in securing Justice between white
men and Indians and between Indians and Indians. In war we deal with people as
organized into nationalities, not as individuals. 8ome hungry Indian steals a beef, sonu^
tired Indian steals a horse, a vicious Indian commits a depredation, and tlies to the
mountains. No eft'ort is made to punish the real offender, but the tirst Indian met is
shot at sight. Then, perhaps, the Indians retaliate, and the news is spread through the
country that war has broken out with the Indians. Troops are sent to the district and
wander around among the mountains and return. Perhaps a few Indians are killed,
and perhaps a few white men. Usually in all such cases the white man is the chief
sufferer, for he has property which can i)C spoiled, and the Indian has none that he.can-
uot easily hide in the rocks. His methods of warfare are such that we cannot cope
•with hin'i without resorting to means which are repugnant to civilized people ; and,
after spending thousands, or even millions of dollars, on an affair which, at its incep-
tion, was but a petty larceny, we make a peace with the Indians, and enter into an
agreement to secure him lands, which we cannot fuUill, anil to give him annuities, the
ex]»ense of which are a burden on the public Treasury.

This treatment of the Indians as nations or tribes is in every way bad. Now, tho
most vicious Indian in any tribe has it in his power, at any moment that he may de-
sire, to practically declare war between his own tribe, and perhaps a doz.en surround-
ing tribes, and the (iovernmeut of tho United States.

What now is needed with all these subdued Indians is, some method by which indi-
vidual criminals can be arrested and brought to justice. This cannot be done by the
methods of war. As long as the Indians are siatt'ered among the s<-ttlements the facts
show that this cannot be done. The Indian has no knowledge of legal methods, and
avenges his owji wrongs by ways which are traditional with him, while the prejtuliccs
against savages win 3h"has grown through centuries of treacherous and bloody war-
fare, and the prejudices of race, which are always greatly exaggerated among the
lower class of people, with whom the Indian is most liable to associate, are such that
the Indian cannot secure justice through the intervention of the local anthontu's.

There is now no great uninhabited and unknown region to which the Indian can be
sent. He is among us, and we must citlier ]uotect him or destroy him. The only
course left by which these Indians can be saved is to gather them on reservations,
which shall be schools of industry and civilization, and the superintendents ot which
shall be the proi)er olticers to secuVe justice between the two races, and between indi-
viduals of the Indian race. For this jmrpose on each reservation there should be a
number of wise, tirm men, who, as judges and iiolice officers, would be able in all ordi-
nary cases to secure substantial justice. In extraordinary cases no hasty steps should
be taken. Surprises and massacres need no longer be feared, and if a larger force is
needed than that wielded by the employes ou the reservations, it would be easy to
increase it bv civil methods.

For this purpose laws shouhl be enacted clearly defining the rights ot the Indians
and white men in their mutual relations, and the power of the ollicers ot tlu> Indian
Department, and the methods of procediirts to secure justice. It might itossihly In-
unwise to withdraw all the troops at once. It might be better to remove them ixm
passu with the establishment of tlie Indians on reservations.

Permit the remark just here, that the .-xpense of the military and civil methods
stand in very glaring' contrast. Within the territory which h.is hen-totore been de-
scribed it is probable that about two million dollars will be expended m the support
of troops during the present fiscal vear, and much less than two liiindred thousand

26

ilollars til roil i;;h the Indian Dcpaitnient for fooding, clothing, and civilizing the In-
dians.

We beg leave again to mention that these remarks apply only to conquered tribes.

There are some Indians in other portions of the United States, whom it is necessary
to manage by other methods, who yet have the pride and insolence and treachery of
savages. IJiit by far the greater part of the Indians scattered throughout the territory
from the Kocky Mountains to the I'acitic coast are in a condition substanti.illj^ the
same as those who form the subject of this report.

APPROPRIATIONS.

KSriMATICS 1-OR AlM'KOl'ItlATIOXS SUBMITTED BY Till': INDIAN BUIiKAU, THHOUGII THE
SECRETAIJY OK THE TUEASUKY, FOR THE SUPl'OUT, ETC., OF THE INDIANS IIERETO-

FOUE DESCRIBED, FOR THE FISCAL YEAH ENDING JUNE .30, 187,5, (See letter from
thd Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting estimates of appropriations on pages
indicated.)

91, One agent for the Malheur reservation .fl,,500

'Jl. Two agents for the tribes in Nevada, viz : the Pi-Utes and Walker River

and Pyramid Lake reservations, $1,500 each 3, 000

91. One agent at Fort Hall reservation 1,500

91, One agent for the tribes in Utah, viz : Uintah Valley agency 1,500

92. One interpreter, Malheur agency 500

92. One interpreter, Fort Hall agency 500

92. Three interpreters for the tribes in Nevada, viz : Pi-Utes, Walker River,

and Pyramid Lake agencies, at $500 each 1,500

92. One interpreter for the tribes in Utah 500

104. Fulfilling treaties with Shoshonees, Eastern, Western, Northwestern, and

Goshii) bands

104. Eastern bands

104. Eleventh of twenty installments, to be expended under the direction of
the President in the purchase of such articles as he may deem suitable to
their wants, either as hunters or herdsmen, per lifth article treaty of July

2, 1863 10,000

104. Western bands

104. Eleventh of twenty installments, to be expended under the direction of
the President in the iiurchase of such articles as he may deem suitable to
their wants, either as hunters or herdsmen, per seventh article treaty of
October 1, 1HG3 5,000

1U5. Northwestern bands

105. Eleventh of twenty installments, to be expended under the direction of
the President in the purchase of such articles as lie nuiy deem suitable to
their wants, either as hunters or herdsmen, per third article treaty of July

30, 18(13 5,000

105. Goship bands

105. Eleventh of twenty installments, to be expended under the direction of
the President in the iiurchase of such articles, including cattle for herding
or other purposes, as he may deem suitable to their wants and condition as
hunters and herdsmen .' 1,000

105 FulfillUuj trciith-s rrith Shofltonccn and lUoniocks.

Pannocks :

I'ifth of thirty installments, to purchase four hundred suits of clothing for
males over fourteen years of age, the llannel, liose, cali(;o, and domestics for
four hundred iVniales over twelve years of age, and such fiannel and cotton
goods as niav be needed to make suits for four hundred boys and girls under
1 he ages named 0, 937

Fifth of ti'u installments, f(jr purchase of such articles as maybe considered
projierby the Secretary of the Interior, for eight hundred persons roaming,
at ten dollars each, and four hundred persons engaged in agriculture, at
twenty dollars each 10,000

Pay of ]ihysiciau, teacher, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and black-
smith, as per tenth article treaty of .Inly third, eighteen hundied and sixty-
eight. .• '. 6,800

First of three installments, for the purchase of seeds .and farming imple-
ments, as per eighth article same treaty 2,500

Transportation ot goods that may be ])urehased for the Shoshonees and

IJannocks •. 5,000

27

105 Scltlvment, snosinleiice, and support of ShoxhoiKTS and B<uino(kn and othtr
bands of Idaho and Southmstcrn Oregon.

This amount to be expended in snch goods, provisions, or other articles as the
President may from time to time determine, iiichiding transportation ; in in-
strncting in agricultural pursuits; in jjrDviding employe's, cdiicating chil-
dren, procuring medicine and medical attendance ; care for ami support of
the aged, sick, and inlirm, for the hel])less orphans of said Indians, and in
any other respect to promote their civilization, comfort, and im[)rovemcnt. . . slM, (JUO

109 Incidental expenses of the Indian serviee in Idaho Territory.

General incidental expenses of the Indian service in Idaho Territory : presents
of goods, agricultural implements, and other useful articles; and to assist
them to locate in pennanent abodes and sustain themselves by the pursuits
of civilized life, to bo expended under tliedirectiou of the Secretary of the
Interior, $20,000, one-half .' 10,000

109 Incidental exjienses of the Indian service in Xerada.

General incidental expenses of the Indian service in Nevada ; presents of goods,
agricultural implements, and other useful articles ; and to assist them to lo-
cate in permanent abodes and sustain themselves by the pursuits of civilized
life, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior oO, 000

110 Incidental expenses of the Indian serrice in Oregon.

General incidental expenses of the Indian service in Oregon, including trans-
portation of annuity goods and presents, (where no special provision is made
therefor by treaty,) aud for paying the expenses of the removal and subsist-
ence of Indians in Orcg<m, (not parties to any treaties,) and for the pay of
necessary employes, $75, 000 ; of this amount 10,000

110 Incidental expenses of the Indian service in Utah Terrilorij.

General incidental expenses of the Indian service in Utah Territory : presents
of goods, agricultural implements, and other useful articles, and to assist them
to locate in permanent abodes and sustain themselves by the pursuits of
civilized life, including transportation aud necessary expenses of delivering
provisions to the Indians within the Utah superintendency ; and for subsist-
ence aud clothiug for Indians located upon the Uintah Valley reservation,
Utah, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior 50, 000

110 Civilization and subsistence of Indians on the ^falhenr reservation.

This amount,'or so much thereof as may be necessary, in the purchase of goods,
subsistence stores, «fcc., for the Indians collected on the Malheur reservation,
Oregon, aud in instructing them in agricultural and mechanical pursuits,
providing employes, educating children, procuring medicine aud medical
attendance, care for and support of the aged, sick, and intiriu ; for the help-
less orphans of said Indians, or in any other respect to promote their civiliza-
tion, comfort, aud improvement 40, 000

Total amount of these estimates 2G-<, 737

KECOMMENDATIOXS FOIl ArPlJOmiATIOXS.

In lieu of the foregoing the followiug are submitted :
For the Pai lie reservation.

For the employment of one agent, three farmers, one blacksmith, one carpen-
ter, one saddle aud harness maker, one miller, one teacher, aud three general
assistants *^"^' ^^

For the purchase of teams, wagons, agricultural implements, seeds and tools,

and supplies for the shops of the mechanics ^- ^^'^

28

For tlio i)inTli;ist' of liiiiibcr aiul other materiiil for the .igency buildings $3,000

For subsist eiu'('su|)iilies --- 10, 000

For the purchase of a sufiicieut uumber of cows to give one to each Imliau

family 10,000

For the purchase of fabrics for clothing and other necessary articles for the In-
dians 15,000

For machinery and repairs on mill 5,000

For salary of surgeon, hospital steward, and medical supplies for hospital 5, 000

For constructing wagon-road from the agency to such point as the Secretary

of the Interior may direct 5,000

For the payment of freighting and traveling expenses 10, 000

For collecting the Indians on the reservation and incidental expenses 12, 000

For one interpreter 500

Total amount of appropriation recommended for the Pai Ute reservation . 96, 400

For the riiifah rescrraCtoii.

For the emi)l()ynu'nt of one agent, one fixrmer, one blacksmith, one carpenter,
one saddle and harness maker, one miller, one engineer, one teacher, and

three general assistants $11,750

For the purchase of teams, Avagous, agricultural implements, seeds, tools, and

supplies for the shops of the mechanics 10, 000

For the erection of houses for the Indians 5, 000

For subsistence supplies 10, 000

For the purchase of a sufficient number of cows to give one to each Indian

family , 6,000

For the purchase of ready-made clothing, and for fabrics for clothing, and other

articles necessary for the Indians S, 000

For the salarv of surgeon, hospital steward, and medical supplies for the hos-
pital ". 5,000

For constructing a wagon road from the agency to the railroad 10, 000

For the payment of freighting and traveling expenses 5, OqO

For collecting the Indians on the reservation and incidental exj)euses 5, 000

For one interpreter 500

Total amount of appropriation recommended for the Uintah reservation. 76, 250

For the Fort Hall reservation.

For the cmploynunit of one agent, three farmers, one blacksmith, one carpen-
ter, one saddle and harness maker, one engiueer, one teacher, and three gen-
eral assistants $14, 100

For the purchase of teams, wagons, agricultural implements, seeds, tools, and

supplies for the shops of the mechanics _ 8, 000

For the erection of buildings for the Indians 12, 000

For subsistence sujiplies 12, 000

For the purchase of a sufficient number of cows to give one to each Indian

family 16, 000

For the iiurchase of ready-made clothing, and fabrics for clothing, and articles

necessary for the Iiulians 18, 000

For the salary of surgeon, hospital steward, and medical supplies for the hos-
pital 5,000

For tlit^ iJaymcnt of freighting and traveling expenses 8,000

For collecting the Indians on the reservation and incidental expenses 12,000

For one interpreter 500

Total amount of ai)propriation recommended for Fort Hall reservation. 105,600

For the Malheur reservation.

For continuing the agency for the reservations at Pyramid Lake and Walker
Kiver until tin; crojys now ]»lanted shall bo harvested, and for removing
these Indians to tlic Malheur reservation $12, 000

For the em]»loynient of one agent, three farmers, one blacksmith, one carpen-

ier, one saddle and harness maker, one tcaelier, and three general assistants. 11,700

For the purchase of teams, wagons, agricultural implements, seeds and tools,

and sujiplies for tiie sho])s of the mechanics 10,000

For the fraction of buildings 10,000

For subsistence supplies 12, 000

29

For the purchase of a snliliciont number of cows to give one to e:ich Indian

family j^i^o ouO

For the purchase ot ready-made clothing, and fabrics for clothing, and other

necessary articles for the Indians 15 qoO

For salary of surgeon, hospital steward, and medical supplies for the hoVpitai! 5^ 000

P^'or the payment of freighting and traveling expenses 8*000

For collecting the Indians on the reservation and incidental expenses..,.!'. '.'. S, 000

For one interpreter ' r,(jy

Totalamountof appropriations recommended for tile Malheur reservation 104,200

ESTIMATKD VALUE OT THK CLAIMS or CKItTAIX SiniLKltS OX TIIK Mo'-A-l>A liKSKR-

VAIIOX.

Isaac Jennings )

J. S. Moffett.. S !j',.>00

Thomas IJelding \

Chandler Belding ^ j^ o'tO

Lewis Seabright )

Daniel Ijonelli 5, 700

Robert G. Patterson }

J. L. Lessen ^ *'' 20«

William ATulerson zfjO

Augustus James 750

Abraham James 1, 500

Ivobert Logan vf, 200

John Bennett.. )

J.II. Ratclitf.... } 1,400

G.K.A.Percival S

Volney Rector. .. I . „^^

Peter "L. Johnson S "' '

Total '32,050

It is recommended that appropriations be asked to pay the above claims.

These p<'ople already occupy much of the available land on this reservation, and have
control of tlie water. It is absolutely necessary that they should be removed if the
Indians are to be established as agriculturalists.

A special report, giving in detail the character of these improvements, viz, the
buildings, trees, orchards, vineyards, water-ways, «fcc., together with certified copies of
the surveys which were m.ide under the State laws of Nevada to secure these settlers
in their possessory rights, .and a map of the reservation showing the situation of each
claim, will be submitted on the completion of the map.

GEXFJiAI. UECO.MMEXDATIOXS.

It is recommemled —

First. That the act entitled "An act to vacate and sell the present Indian reservation
in Utah Territorv, and to settle the Indians of said Territory in the Uintah Valley," ap-
proved May 5, iy()4, (see U. S. Stats, at Large, vol. 1:3, p. (W,) be repealed, and thattho
landsto which it refers be thrown open to settlement in the usual way. (See previous re-
marks on " The small reservations at San Pete, Corn Creek, Spanish Fork, and Deep
Creek.")

Second. That the boundaries of the Pai-Ute reservation be established as follows:
Beginning at a point on the Colorado River of the West eight miles east of the one
hundred and fourteenth meridian, and continuing from thence due north to the thirty-
seventh i)arallel of latitude; and continuing from thence due west along said thirty-
seventh parallel of latitude to a point twenty miles west of the one hundred and
fifteenth meridian : .and continuing from thence due south thirty-tive miles; and con-
tinuing from thence due east thirtv-six miles; and continuing from thence due south
to the center of the channel of the Colorado River of the West ; an<l continuing from
thence along said center of the channel of the Colorado River of the West to th(! point
of beginning. (See previous remarks under the headings of "Reservations on the Mo'-
a-pu •' and " Timber.")

Third. That an inspector, together with a competent engineer, employed lor thus
purpose from the incidental funds of tlie several reservations, shall visit the reserva-
tions at Uintah, Fort Hall, and on the Malheur reservation, and, in company with tho
agent and some of the chiefs and principal men of the tribes belonging on such reser-
vations, shall make a careful examination of tlie Iciritory embrac<'d within the reser-

30

vatioiis aud dcsijiiiate coitaiu natural, or if need be artilicial, boundaries for tlie same,
and report such action to the Department, to be submitted to Congress for final ap-
proval, so that the boundaries of sucli reservations may be accurately established by
hiw. When the boundaries have been thus surveyed it would be well to have the
reservations surveyed aud divided into small tracts and topographical maps made of
them.

Fourth. That the agents for these reservations be authorized to jiromise the Indians
that one cow will be given to each Indian family settling on these reservations an-
nually for a term of two years subseiiuent to that in whicli the first issue of cattle is
made.

Fifth. Also that the agents for these reservations be authorized to promise the
Indians tliat .slD.dOO will be expended annually on the Mo'-a-pa reservatiou, $6,000
annually on the Fintah reservation, $15,000 annually on the Fort Hall reservatiou,
and .'?l6,000 annually on the Malheur x'eservatiou for such a term of years as may be
necessary to give each Indian family a house, to exceed in cost not more than $200;
but that' such cost shall not include the labor bestowed upon the same by the Indian
himself.

Sixth. That should any of these Indians prefer to go to any other of these reserva-
tions than that to which they have been assigned in the foregoing report, or to the
reservation at Wind Kiver, the Secretary of the Interior shall have the authority to
transfer the proper proportion of these appropriations from the account of the reserva-
tion to which it has been specially appropriated, to such reservation as the Indians
may elect — provided the Secretary of the Interior shall approve of such election.

PAFERS ACCOMPANYING THIS REPORT.

First. A nnip of the Pi-Ute reservation in Southeastern Nevada.

Second. A section of the "Map of the United States and Territories prepared in the
General Laud- Office,"' Avith the districts inhabited by the various tribes embraced in
this report, colored so as to indicate the geographical distribution of the several tribes
which should be collected on the reservations.

Third. Report concerning the claims of settlers in the Mo-a-pa Vallej-, with copies of
surveys, &c., marked A, B, C, and D, and photographs numbered 1, 2, 3.

In our letter of instruction, Ave ^\eve directed to consult with Col. H. A. Morrow, com-
mandant at Camp Douglas, in Utah Territory.

^^'hile we were at Salt Lake City, completing plans for the ox)eratious of the summer.
Colonel Morrow was coulined to his room by severe sickness, and his physician thought
it unwise for us to hold any consultation with him, but we availed ourselves of his
wise counsel to the limit of our opportunities.

To many of the citizens of Utah and Nevada we are indebted for information, advice,
and assistance, and we ai-e pleased here to state that we met everywhere with the most
hearty co-operation from the better class of people.

Invoking your attention to the facts herein set forth, and your consideration of the
recommendations made,

We are, Avith much respect, your obedient serA-ants,

J. W. POWELL,
G. W. INGALLS,

Special Commhiiionevs.
The Hon. Comaus-.sionki; ok Indian Affatijs,

W'li^h'oHjIon, D. C.

31

REPORT CONCERNING CLAIMS OV SETTLERS IN THE MO-A-l'A VALLEY,
(S. E. NEVADA,) BY SPECIAL COMMISSIONERS J. \V. POWELL AND (i. \V.
INGALLS.

Washingtox, D. C, Jhcvmhir 18, 187:{.
Hon. COMMISSIOXKR OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Washington, It. C:

Sir : The following is a statement of the character and estimated valm- of the chiinis
of certain settlers in the valley of t lie Mo-a-pa or Muddy Cnu-k within tlic territory set
apart by Executive order, dated March 12, H/'.!, as a reservation for tlic. I'i Ptes of
Soutliern Utah, Southern Nevada, Southeastern California, and Nortli western Arizona.

CLAIM OF ISAAC JENNINGS AND J. S. MOFFETT.

Amount of laud claimed tlin^e hundred and twenty acres. The land ()ri;;inally
claimed hy these parties was in two tracts, of one hundred and sixty acres each, Ijut a
copartnership was formed by the said Isaac Jennings and J. S. Moffctt, and they now
lay claim to three hundred and twenty acres as a company.

Claim surveyed February 6 and 7, 1872, by C. W. Wandell, deputy surveyor of Lincoln
County, State of Nevada, in accordance with the laws of Nevada, enacted for tlie pur-
pose of securing possessory rights to Government laud not having been surveyed by
tho General Government.

(See accompanying paper marked A, " certified copy of surveys of Isaac Jennings.")

WATER-WAYS.

The greater part of these lands are covered by irrigating canals, but only a portion
of said canals have been kept in good order ; in some places they are partially destroyed,
in others totally. More than nine-tenths of this land has been under cultivation, but
oue-half of it has been neglected ; the other half is still in good order, and the ditches
for irrigating the same arc in repair.

TREES.

Several thousand cottonwood-trees have been planted beside the ditches, being from
one to eight years old, and from twenty to sixty feet high ; thrifty. A small amount of
garden shrubbery ; a small amount of hedging set for the purpose of subdividing a part
of the laud into lots.

VINEYARDS.

Seven plats planted in vineyard, on which are two thousand good grape-vines from
four to eight years old ; fifteen hundred second class of the same age, and one thousand
third class, or nearly worthless, of the same age.

MEADOW.

Eighteen acres set iu luceru, and eight acres partly set.

IJUILDINGS.

Adobe house on stone.fouudation. covered with tules and earth. Rooms all without
ceilings. Rooms have been papered ; paper now damaged. Room used as iJost-oiVice,
10 by 14 ; parlor, 14 bv 15; large bed-room, 14 by 15; low bed-room, 12 by 1.'); dining-
room, 1() by -20 ; kitchen, 1(5 bv 10; pantrv, 8 by 14 ; wash-room, 8 by 14 ; room for store,
(not covered,) 16 by 18 ; blacksmith-shop, 16 by 40; the walls are i:5 feet high; sub-
stantial fioors are common ; casings to doors and windows plain; doors plain; outside
cellar, 12 by 14 ; stone wails. Hen-house, IS by 20, rudely built of adobes and covered
with tnles. Granary, with two rooms, each 12 by 16, covered with tules; without
floor. Three small adobe stables. Large adobe corral. Sufficient stone hauled for a
second corral.

(See photograph "No. 1."

Estimated value of this claim, !j!7,.'>00.

CLAIM OF THOS. BELDING, CHANDLER DEEDING, AND LEWIS SEABRIGIIT

Tlie amount of land within this claim is considerably less than one hundred and
sixty (160) acres to each person, but the value of tlie claim, in tin- estimation of the.
commissioners, is in no way art'ected by tlie amount of land, as tlie adjacent lands are
still unoccupied and as the General Government has never yielded the title to any of
the said lands. The value of the improvements and water-rights only are couaidored.

The laiuls mchukHl within this chiiin were surveyeil by the s;ime ofScer ixnil at the
same tiiiu- as those in tiie chiinis above, at least such information has been received by
the commission, but no coi)y of such surveys has ])eeu received.

About one hundred (lUO)"acres has been under cultivation ; now there are forty (40)
acres under cultivation in ii;ond order and with irri,^atin<v eanals in good repair.

ri;i:i:s.

Several Inindred cottonwood and other trees are set along the canals ; they are from
twenty to sixty feet high, good and thrifty. Small amount of well-cultivated garden-
slirubbery. A' small amount of iiedgiug set tor the purpose of subdividing a part of
the laud into lots.

VIXKYAKD.

Twelve hundred grape-vines, four to six years old, in good order: eigut hundred
secon<l-rate grape-vines; live hundred third-rate, or nearly worthless.

I5UII.DIXC.S.

Adobe house on stone foundation, covered with tules ; common lloor window and
door frames and doors ; rooms without ceilings; walls twelve feet high, three rooms
each, Iti by l(i ; small low back room used as kitchen. Hen-house. Small stable. Small
corral made of poles.

(See photograph "No. 2.")

lENCE.

Thirty-nine panels of two-pole fence. Estimated value of this claim $4,250.
CLAIM OF DANIEL BONELLI.

LAND.

One hundred and sixty (ICO) acres. Surveyed by C. W. Wandell, deputy county
surveyor of Lincoln County, State of Nevada, February 1 and 2, 1872. (See accom-
panying paper marked 15.)

Alicmt one-fourth of the land has beeu prepared for cultivation, and is covered with
irrigating canals. Canals not in good repair.

TREES.

A small amount of orchard-trees and garden-shrubbery. A good hedge, inclosing
ten (10) acres, on two sides of osage orange; on one side of osage orange and cotton-
wood trees intervening, and on the fourth side of mesqnite. Water-ways for ten (10)
acres in good repair.

VINEYAHD.

I'oui' thousand grape-vines, in good order, from two to eight years old. Two thou-
sand second-rate grape-vines of the same age, and two thousand three hundred and
lifty third-rate grape-vines of the same age.

'ihe number of these grape-vines was determined by counting what were believed
to be average rows. A greater number Avere claimed. (See accompanying paper
marked C.)

:\IEADOW.

Three and one-half acres well set with lucern.

nUILDIXGS.

Adobe house, str)ne foundation, covered with tules ; no ceilings ; walls thick ; twelve
feet liigh ; in good order. Front jtart of house, outside measurement, 15 by 32 ; di-
vided into two rooms ; double lire-place in partition.

Hack building, outside measurement, 17 by 27, divided into two rooms ; one fire-
jijace ; Hoors, doors, and casings for doors and windows, common cellar 12 by 14, seven
i'eet high, with stone walls.

House said to have cost !jiil,00O.

Small adobe hen-house.

(See Photograph No. :?.)

Estimated valui- of claim .'iii5,7()(l.

CLAIM OF K. (i. FATTEKSON AND .1. L. LASSELL.

EAXI).

Two tracts of land, each of one hundred and sixty acres, claimed by these parties :
one known as the Mil! ranch, the other as the Island ranch ; not surveyed.

The j)arti< >< tluiiiselves live at the Mill ranch, and the Island ranch is occupied bv
a tenant.

33

MILL KANCII.

The, greater part of tliis land has at one time been under enltivatiou, and is covered
with irrigating canals; but the greater part of tluise water-ways are uot iugood repair.
About oue-half of the land was cultivated daring the past year.

TREES.

Trees have been planted extensively along the water-ways, and a grove of three or
four acres baa been started.

Altogether there are from ten to fifteen thousand trees, from two to six years old,
good aiul thrifty, chiefly cottonwood, bat also several hundred small ash tre«js.

A few orchard trees, not in good condition.

A small amount of hedging, in bad order.

VINEYAKD.

Two thousand grape-vines in fair order; fifteen hundred in second-rate order, and
one thousand, third-rate or nearly worthless.

MEADOW.

Six acres well set with lucern ; four acres partly set.

ISLAND RANCH.

The greater part of this land has been under cultivation at one time, and was cov-
ered by irrigating canals; but these have been neglected, and are in bad order.
More than half of the land has grown up with brush-wood aiul weeds.

TREES.

About two thousand cottonwood trees, from two to five years old ; thrifty.

VINEYARD.

One hundred and fifty grape-vines in second-rate order. Three hundred in third-
rate order ; nearly worthless.

MEADOW.

Two acres set in lucern.

BUILDINGS.

Mill-house 20 by 24 ; common frame, inclosed with rough boards ; two floors; com-
mon basement ; room for cleaner; first floor 11-foot posts; low upper floor for bolt;
frame-work for bolt at present in chamber ; building covered with thatched tules ; fam-
ily living in mill-house.

Adobe store-room attached to frame-building 20 by 45; stone foundation; walls
heavy, but low ; no floor ; tule and dirt roof; mill-race, with small flume, iu fair order.

Estimated value of this claim, including both ranches, $6,200.

CLAIM OF WILLIAM ANDERSON.

One hundred and sixty acres not surveyed. Fifteen acres under plow, in good order ;
twenty -five acres covered with irrigating canals ; purchased of R. G. Patterson. Prior
to the erection of the house, said to have cost $200.

BUILDINGS.

Small adobe house, two rooms; no floor; roof of tules covered with dirt; house
nearly new, but very cheaply l)ailt.
Estimated value of this claim, $750.

CLAIM OF AUGUSTUS JAMES.

One hundred and sixty (160) acres, not surveyed. Twenty-five acres under plow
and ditches.

TREES.

A few cottonwood trees ; nursery of several thousand small cottonwood and ash
trees.

3 P I

34

VINKYAKD.

Three Imudred secoud-rate grape-vines.

lUJII.OIXGS.

Four small adobe huildings, in secoud-rate rejiair.
Kstimated value of tlii.s claim, $750.

CLAIM OF ABRAHAM JAMES.

One liuudred and sixty (IfiO) acres, said to have been surveyed. No copy of survey
received. Purchased IVoui Philander Bidl.

(See accompauyiuff i)aper marked "D ", copy of deed in possession of said Abraham
.Tames.)

Twenty acres under plow and ditches, which are slightly out of order; about one
half of the land has been cultivated at some time.

TREES.

Three hundred cottonwood trees, thrifty ; a few small orchard trees and garden
shrubbery.

BUILDINGS.

Adobe house, 16 by 24 ; stone foundation, tule roof; floor, doors, and casings poor.

First adobe granary, 12 by 26; stone foundation, tule roof; adobe bins, good repair.

Second adobe granary, 12 by 14; stone foundation, tule roof ; lumber floor; adobe
bins; in fair order.

A(lobe stable, IH by 18, tule roof. Small adobe hen-house. Adobe building used as
a threhhing-room, 18 by 20; stone foundation, tule roof; adobe floor ; good order.

Estimated value of claim, $1,500.

CLAIM OF ROBERT LOGAN.

One hundred and sixty (160) acres ; farm surveyed in the name of William Stewart,
from whom said Robert Logan purchased the claim prior to the date of the executive
order estalilishing the reservation.

Thiity-tive acres cultivated the past year, now in good order; water-ways for the
same in good condition ; one hundred and tru acres originally under cultivation, but
irrigating canals, for the additional amount above thirty-live acres, need much repair.

TKEES.

A few cottonwood ti'ees; small amount of garden shrubbery.

VINEYAKD.

Two hundred and twenty-five grape-vines, two years old, in fair order.

MEADOW.

One and a lialf acres, well set with lueern.

BUILDINGS.

ITonse consists of two adobe buildings, '^0 by ?0, each separated by a passage-way
ten Icct wide; buildings and pa.ssagc-way covered with good roof of tule-tliatcli ; good
sl<Mie founiliition : common board floors, window and door-frames and doors; all in
fair order.

Store-room, adobe, 20 by 20 ; very thick walls; adobe floor; well-built stone founda-
tion ; tubs roof, new.

CowMable and granary, 18 by 40, adobe, covered with tules ; stone foundation ; well

J>reHrrve<l.

Two other buildings, each 20 by 20, adobe, covered with tules ; stone foundation ; iu
u fair static of pr« servation.

Ehtimaterl vahn; of claim, $2,200.

35

CLAIM OF JOHN HENNETT, J. H. RATLIFF, AND G. R. A. I'ERCIVAL.

There are fo-ir hundn'd and eighty (480) acres chtiincd by these parti.fH, who live
tofifc^tlier in one honse. Not snrve.yed ; fiCfy-five acres enlti vated tlie past y.-ar, the saino
covt^ivd liy watcr-wayHin -^ood rci)air; a liH{,'er amount of hind was cultivated prior to
the a' andouuient of it by the former settlers.

TREES.

Eiglit thousand cot ton wood-trees, haviiifj one year's growth from setting, planted
ah)ng the water-ways; all thrifty; two hundred larger cotton woods, three to four
years old.

VINEYAIJO.

Two hundred grape-vines, one and two years old, in fair order.

MEADOW.

Two acres well set witli lucern.

BUILDINGS.

Small adobe house, 14 by Ifi, not in good order.

This claim was purchased of Bell <& Stewart i)riorto the issue of the Executive order
establishing the reservation.

Estimated value of claim, $1,400.

CLAIM OF VOLNEY RECTOR AND PETER L. JOHNSON.

One hundred and sixty (160) acres claimed. Both p.arties live in one house; seven
acres under plow and ditch, but main ditidi suCfieient for a nuieh larger amount of land ;
the grt^ater part of the land has at one time been under cultivation, but the original
ditches have been abandoned, and are in a great part destroyed.

Nearly one-half of the land is a natural meadow.

TREES.

From two to three thousand cottonwood-trtes, planted last spring along the water-
ways ; good and thrifty. Overgrown nursery of many hunched cottouwood-trees.

VINEYARD.

A few hundred grape-cuttings planted last spring,

BUILDINGS.

House of adobe, 14 by 20, stone foundation, tule roof; second-rate order.

Granary, 10 by 12, rough stone. A quantity of stone sufficient for the erection of a
small house hauled on the ground.

Estimated value of this clain., $1,800.

The coniniissiouers alter careful inquiry are satisfied that the improvements on the
above claims were made prior to the establishment of the reservation by Executive
order, and with the expectation, ou the part of those who made them, of remaining as
settlers in the valley.

Claims considered of no value.

CLAIM OF JOSEPH A. PARRISH.

One hundred and sixty TKiO) acres claimed; has plowed seven acres ; no other im-
])r()Vcni( nls of value. Came into the valley December 27, 1872; was noiiticd by one of
the employ<5s of the agency, when ou his way to the valley, that it would probably be
set apart as a reservation.

CLAIM OF JACOB MOON.

One hundred and sixty (160) acres claimed. No improvements. Camointo the valley
February 8, 1873. He also was notified that the valley was intended for a reservation.

r

36

CLAIM OF MARTHA C. TUCKER. i

j
(Daughter of Jacob Moou. See above.) •

One buiulred aud sixty acres claimed. Ten acres plowed ; improvements of uo value

CLAIM OF W. A. EAELES.

One liuiulred and sixtv (100) acres claimed ; no improvements. Settled in the vall6y
during the month of January, 1873. States that he paid the Indians .|30 for the land.
Remained on the reservation three weeks, then abandoned his claim.

These claims are considered by the commission to be of no value.

With great respect, your obedient servants,

J. W. POWELL,
G. W. INGALLS,

Special Commissioners.

H130 75 593

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